Father of THEORY of Evolution Charles Darwin Father of THEORY of Evolution http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/02/happy_198th_birthday_charles.php

Who is Charles Darwin? * Most commonly known as the father of the theory of evolution. * Lived from 1809 to 1892 * Thoughts formed the basis for science’s current thinking about where the diversity of organisms came from. * Major explorations took place between 1831-1836

Route of the H.M.S Beagle

Galapagos Islands Islands off the coast of South America. It was explorations off of these islands where Darwin begins to form his ideas about how diversity on our planet came about. He sees how well suited organisms are for their environment.

Galapagos Islands http://www.galapagosmap.com/galapagos-map_2.jpg http://www.discovergalapagos.com/bartolome.jpg

Galapagos Islands http://www.galapagosmap.com/galapagos-map_2.jpg http://www.discovergalapagos.com/bartolome.jpg

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: (a) founding of new populations, (b) geographic isolation, (c) gene pool changes, (d) reproductive isolation, and (e) ecological competition. A A A Galapagos Islands A B South America a) Founders Arrive b) Separation of Populations c) Changes in the Gene Pool E Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: a) Founders Arrive A few finches travel from South America to one of the islands. There, they survive and reproduce. b) Separation of Populations Some birds from species A cross to a second island. The two populations no longer share a gene pool. c) Changes in the Gene Pool Seed sizes on the second island favor birds with larger beaks. The population on the second island evolves into a population, B, with larger beaks. d) Reproductive Isolation If a few population-B birds cross back to the first island, they will not mate with the birds of population-A. The gene pools are now separate. Populations A and B are separate species. e) Ecological Competition As species A ad B compete for seeds on the first island, they continue to evolve. A new species, C, may evolve. Some members of the original species B may travel to a new island. f) Continued Evolution The process continues, leading to the formation of all 13 finch species on the Galapagos. D B A C A B A B B B d) Reproductive Isolation e) Ecological Competition f) Continued Evolution

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: (a) founding of new populations, (b) geographic isolation, (c) gene pool changes, (d) reproductive isolation, and (e) ecological competition. A A A Galapagos Islands A B South America a) Founders Arrive A few finches travel from South America to one of the islands. There, they survive and reproduce. b) Separation of Populations Some birds from species A cross to a second island. The two populations no longer share a gene pool. c) Changes in the Gene Pool Seed sizes on the second island favor birds with larger beaks. The population on the second island evolves into a population, B, with larger beaks. E D B A C A B A B B B d) Reproductive Isolation If a few population-B birds cross back to the first island, they will not mate with the birds of population-A. The gene pools are now separate. Populations A and B are separate species. e) Ecological Competition As species A ad B compete for seeds on the first island, they continue to evolve. A new species, C, may evolve. Some members of the original species B may travel to a new island. f) Continued Evolution The process continues, leading to the formation of all 13 finch species on the Galapagos.

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: (a) founding of new populations, (b) geographic isolation, South America Galapagos Islands A A a) Founders Arrive A few finches travel from South America to one of the islands. There, they survive and reproduce. b) Separation of Populations Some birds from species A cross to a second island. The two populations no longer share a gene pool.

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: (a) founding of new populations, (b) geographic isolation, (c) gene pool changes, (d) reproductive isolation, and (e) ecological competition. A A Galapagos Islands A South America a) Founders Arrive b) Separation of Populations A B A B c) Changes in the Gene Pool Seed sizes on the second island favor birds with larger beaks. The population on the second island evolves into a population, B, with larger beaks. d) Reproductive Isolation If a few population-B birds cross back to the first island, they will not mate with the birds of population-A. The gene pools are now separate. Populations A and B are separate species.

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: (a) founding of new populations, (b) geographic isolation, (c) gene pool changes, (d) reproductive isolation, and (e) ecological competition. B A A A A B B b) Separation of Populations c) Changes in the Gene Pool d) Reproductive Isolation A B C A B E D e) Ecological Competition As species A ad B compete for seeds on the first island, they continue to evolve. A new species, C, may evolve. Some members of the original species B may travel to a new island. f) Continued Evolution The process continues, leading to the formation of all 13 finch species on the Galapagos.

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by: (a) founding of new populations, (b) geographic isolation, (c) gene pool changes, (d) reproductive isolation, and (e) ecological competition. A A A Galapagos Islands A B South America a) Founders Arrive A few finches travel from South America to one of the islands. There, they survive and reproduce. b) Separation of Populations Some birds from species A cross to a second island. The two populations no longer share a gene pool. c) Changes in the Gene Pool Seed sizes on the second island favor birds with larger beaks. The population on the second island evolves into a population, B, with larger beaks. E D B A C A B A B B B d) Reproductive Isolation If a few population-B birds cross back to the first island, they will not mate with the birds of population-A. The gene pools are now separate. Populations A and B are separate species. e) Ecological Competition As species A ad B compete for seeds on the first island, they continue to evolve. A new species, C, may evolve. Some members of the original species B may travel to a new island. f) Continued Evolution The process continues, leading to the formation of all 13 finch species on the Galapagos.

Darwin’s Finches ADAPTIVE RADIATION

http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/Pictures/LandBirds/FinchTypes.jpeg

Finches * Darwin studied the different types of finches that were found on the different Galapagos Islands. * Each finch seemed to be perfectly fitted for the environment of the island. * Especially with its beak. http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/darwin/finches.jpg

Darwin’s Finches

Galapagos Islands http://www.galapagosmap.com/galapagos-map_2.jpg http://www.discovergalapagos.com/bartolome.jpg

Galapagos Islands http://www.discovergalapagos.com/bartolome.jpg

Tortoise on Hood Island

Tortoise on Isabella Island

Adaptive Radiation Rapid change from one species into many species to fill specific niches in an ecosystem.

My, How You’ve Changed! Prior to the 1800s, life scientists knew that living things changed over generations. They just didn’t know how these changes were brought about. 1. Divide a sheet of paper into two columns and title the first one Inherited Characteristics. Title the second column Acquired Characteristics. In the first column, list the characteristics that you believe you have always had. For example, you may have brown eyes or curly hair. 2. In the second column, list your acquired characteristics. For example, you may have learned how to play a musical instrument. 3. Which of the items in your lists do you think you might pass on to your children? Explain your answer.

Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking A. An Ancient, Changing Earth 1. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change 2. Lyell’s Principles of Geology B. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution 1. Tendency Toward Perfection 2. Use and Disuse 3. Inheritance of Acquired Traits 4. Evaluating Lamarck’s Theory C. Population Growth

Movement of Earth’s Crust Sea level Sea level Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers. When part of Earth’s crust is compressed, a bend in a rock forms, tilting the rock layers. As the surface erodes due to water, wind, waves, or glaciers, the older rock surface is exposed. New sediment is then deposited above the exposed older rock surface.

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Section 15-2

Interest Grabber When Is a Flipper a Wing? Section 15-3 When Is a Flipper a Wing? All living things are related. Some relationships are easy to see— your pet cat may not roar like a lion, but it clearly resembles one. Other relationships are less obvious.

Interest Grabber continued Section 15-3 1. On a sheet of paper, construct a table that has five columns and six rows. In the columns, write the following heads: Animal Group, Example, Legs, Fins, and Tail. Then, place the following animal groups in their own row: Mammal, Bird, Fish, Amphibian, Reptile, and Insect. 2. Give one example for each group, and then fill in the information for that example. For Legs, write in the number of legs that each animal has. Do animals with fins have legs? Do animals with wings have legs? If so, how many? 3. Can you tell from your table if a fish is more closely related to a bird or to an amphibian? Explain your answer.

Darwin Presents His Case A. Publication of On the Origin of Species B. Natural Variation and Artificial Selection C. Evolution by Natural Selection 1. The Struggle for Existence 2. Survival of the Fittest 3. Descent With Modification D. Evidence of Evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Geographic Distribution of Living Species 3. Homologous Body Structures 4. Similarities in Early Development E. Summary of Darwin’s Theory

Concept Map Section 15-3 Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes

Geographic Distribution of Living Species Section 15-3 Beaver Beaver Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu and Capybara NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu

Homologous Body Structures Section 15-3 Turtle Alligator Bird Mammals Typical primitive fish