Definitions Canada: the French colony. siege: a blockade of a city.

The Struggle for Canada Pg 110-113 Looking at this map. What do you think the British would have to do to gain control of New France?

The Struggle for Canada Pg 110-113 Looking at this map. What do you think the British would have to do to gain control of New France? They would have to capture Louisbourg and Quebec because they were France’s two centres of power in North America.

Capturing Louisbourg

Capturing Louisbourg June 1758 warships and troops arrived off Louisbourg from Halifax. The British lay siege on Louisbourg cutting the fortress off from supplies and reinforcements. The British sank ships one by one as the fortress watched. British launched cannon balls into the fortress. 7 weeks later, the French at Louisbourg surrender.

The St. Lawrence River After the fall of Louisbourg, the English controlled the St. Lawrence River. Why would this help the British gain control of New France?

Onward to Canada In spring of 1759 a fleet led by Major-General James Wolfe moves up the St. Lawrence River towards Quebec. What challenges would the English face when they arrived at Quebec?

Onward to Canada 16 00o troops The Challenges at Quebec: 16 00o troops a stone fortress that couldn’t easily be captured – well defended and on a high cliff Cold weather and winter only a few months away

Onward to Canada The battle at Quebec lasts 9 weeks. The fortress lay in ruins, but is still not captured. Wolfe unleashes an attack on the countryside, burning villages and homes. Habitant families are forced to flee to the fortress. Winter is fast approaching – Wolfe must act fast!

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Midnight September 12, 1759 the first British soldiers stepped ashore and make their way to the farmers field known as the Plains of Abraham. The sun rises and the French see thousands of British soldiers ready for battle just outside Quebec’s gates.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Montcalm emerges from the city leading 4000 troupes into battle with the British.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Montcalm and Wolfe are both killed in battle.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham After 15 minutes, the French turn and flee to Montreal. The English troops enter the city. 8 September, 1760, the French surrender at Montreal.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham With the capturing at Louisbourg and Quebec, and with the French surrendering at Montreal New France passed into the British hands.

Question The Struggle for Canada Timeline Chapter Questions: Place the events listed in the box in Chronological Order. Create a timeline of these events. * Be sure to label each event and include a date/time if available Chapter Questions: 5. What might have happened if French ships had arrived in Québec before the British ships did in 1759? (2 points)

The First Nations and the War The First Nations were deeply involved in the war between the French and the English. Who do you think the majority of the First Nations sided with, the French or the English? Why?

The First Nations and the War The First Nations were deeply involved in the war between the French and the English. Who do you think the majority of the First Nations sided with, the French or the English? Why? Most First Nations sided with the French, because of their long history of trading. Some Haudenosaunee sided with the English.

The First Nations and the War The First Nations fought independently as well as alongside their allies on the battlefield. The First Nations did not stop fighting after the French surrendered. The First Nations and the English first had to negotiate neutrality before the English could declare victory.

The First Nations and the War Following the war, France and England made peace. They signed a treaty in 1763. It gave England possession of most of North America. The treaty disappointed the First Nations. What do you think the French and British did that disappointed them?

The First Nations and the War Following the war, France and England made peace. They signed a treaty in 1763. It gave England possession of most of North America. The treaty disappointed the First Nations. What do you think the French and British did that disappointed them? The future of their land was at stake, yet no one invited them to take part in the peace process.

The First Nations and the War The French governor made the English promise not to take revenge against the First Nations peoples who sided with the French. The British took over the fur trade and were not as generous as the French had been. The First Nations were worried about the British newcomers. Gradually, the First Nations were losing their lands. They began to consider war.

Pontiac’s War Against the British The person who inspired a war against the British was a man named Pontiac. He was the leader of the Odawa. He convinced several First Nations to join together to drive the British out of the Ohio River Valley.

Pontiac’s War Against the British In May 1763, Pontiac and his allies laid siege to seven out of ten English forts. He had hoped the French would come to help him, as he had helped them in their war with the English. But, the French had already surrendered at Montreal, and with that their alliance fell apart.

Tactics vs. Physical Strength Fort Michilimackinac was held by the British and was the first target of the Chippewa. The fort was too strong to attack outright, so they devised a plan.

Tactics vs. Physical Strength First Nations men gathered outside the walls of the fort and began a game of lacrosse. British soldiers started to gather and watch as the players chased the ball back and forth. Suddenly, one of the players tossed the ball through the fort’s open gates. OOPS!

Tactics vs. Physical Strength The players rushed into the fort after the ball. The First Nations women who had been watching, handed the men weapons which they had hidden under their clothing. They took the British by complete surprise, and capture the fort in just a few minutes.

Question The First Nations and the War page 114-115 6. As Britain expanded its control in North America, the First Nations were concerned that their interests would not be respected. Why did First Nations have good reason to be concerned about their future? Use specific examples from the text. (3 points) pg 114 7.Who was Pontiac? What role did he play in the war between the British and French? (3 points) pg 115

Definitions assimilate: A process by which culture or individual is absorbed into a more dominant culture because of its overwhelming influence. Eviction: to force out by legal process Accommodate: to make fit Bilingualism: A policy of recognizing two official languages. 30

After the War The BIG PROBLEM: How could the Canadiens, English, First Nations and Métis live together in a single colony in peace? Each Group had their own concerns. 31

After the War Pg 116-120 The First Nations 32

After the War Pg 116-120 The First Nations They were tired of war and wanted to return to normal life. They were afraid that land-hungry newcomers would flood their territories. 33

After the War Pg 116-120 The Canadiens 34

After the War Pg 116-120 The Canadiens They had to rebuild their colony. Would they be allowed to speak French? Would they be allowed to continue practicing the Catholic faith? Would they be forced to abandon their homes like the Acadians? 35

After the War Pg 116-120 The British Rulers 36

After the War Pg 116-120 The British Rulers They had a colony of 70 000 people who didn’t all speak the same language and didn’t have the same beliefs. The Canadiens had a different form of government, laws, and way of doing things. What could happen to the First Nations who were allies with the French during the war? How could they make everyone loyal to the British crown? 37

After the War Pg 116-120 The fighting over New France ended in 1760 with the surrender of Montréal but continued in Europe and other parts of the world for three more years. France and Britain signed The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ending the conflict. 38

After the War Pg 116-120 The Treaty of Paris. 1.France gave up claim to Québec or any other part of North America. * See the map on page 118 39

After the War Pg 116-120 The Treaty of Paris. 2. France received Guadeloupe, a sugar-producing island in the caribbean. 40

After the War Pg 116-120 The Treaty of Paris. 3. The French remained in control of the tiny islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon near the coast of Newfoundland. *See the map on page 118 41

After the War Pg 116-120 The British had to make a decision on how to govern the colony. They had to choose between: Eviction, Assimilation and Accommodation. (page 117) With a partner complete the chart in your Chapter 5 Booklet. List two pros and two cons for each option. You have 10 minutes. 42

Do you think the British chose to Evict, Assimilate or Accommodate After the War Pg 116-120 Do you think the British chose to Evict, Assimilate or Accommodate the French? Evict Assimilate Accommodate 43

Assimilation After the War Pg 116-120 The decision: Assimilation The Canadiens would become more like the British and would lose their language and culture. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 laid out the British government’s plans for the colony. (page 118) 44

The Royal Proclamation New France became the province of Québec and became much smaller. The interior was set aside for the First Nations. British laws and courts replaced the French system. Civil government replaced military government. Britain would appoint a governor and a council of advisors. The Catholic church could no longer tithe. Catholics were not allowed to hold government positions.

After the War Pg 116-120 The Canadiens had developed a strong identity that could not be “made” British. They were determined to survive as a people. The British did not want trouble in Québec so they decided to recognize the Canadiens rights. The Québec Act of 1774 was a law passed with new plans for the colony recognizing the rights that had been taken away with the Proclamation. (page 120) 46

The Québec Act Québec was expanded to the size it had been when it was a colony of New France. Much of the land set aside for the First Nations became part of Quebec. Other lands were still protected. French language rights were recognized. The French seigneurial system remained in place. Catholics were given freedom of religion and were allowed to hold government jobs. French civil law could be used in some matters. Catholic Church could hold property and tithe.

Bilingualism Bilingualism recognizes two of the peoples that forged the foundations of Canada: the French and the English. It means Canada has two official languages. Canadian citizens have the right to government services in either language. It also means they have the right to do business in either language. Bilingualism is central to the Canadian identity.

Bilingualism The origin of bilingualism was the Québec Act. The British recognized the Canadiens’ right to maintain their language and traditions. This was a foundation for peace. Québec, and later Canada, became a partnership between French and English speaking citizens.

Questions 9. Based on your “T-Chart”, which was the better deal for the Canadiens; the Royal Proclamation or the Québec Act? Use specific examples. (4 points) 50

Test Review Answer the following question in paragraph form: The Seven Years War played a pivotal role in shaping the Canadian identity. Explain. (5 pts) 52