Industrialization Spreads Chapter 25 Sec 3 Industrialization Spreads

Industrialization in Britain was sparked because of its: Setting the Stage Industrialization in Britain was sparked because of its: Favorable geography Financial systems Political stability Natural resources Eventually, industrialization would spread to countries with similar conditions.

Industrial development in the United states As in Britain, Industrialization began in the textile industry. British mill worker Samuel Slater, ignoring British laws protecting their industries, emigrates to the US and builds a spinning machine from memory. In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell mechanized every stage of the cloth manufacturing process. While the original manufacturing operation was in Waltham, Massachusetts, his success allowed him to open much larger manufacturing center in Lowell, Massachusetts. Industrial development in the United states America had fast flowing rivers, rich deposits of coal, iron ore, and a good supply of laborers.

Lowell, Massachusetts Thousands of young women between 15-25, came from their rural homes to work in the Lowell factory as mill girls. Strictly chaperoned They could earn wages and have some independence. Besides being a servant, it was for many the only job opportunity.

Expansion of Industry Textiles led the way, but industrialization spread to other industries as well. The North East experienced much industrial growth in the 1800’s, but the US remained primarily agricultural until the end of the Civil War in 1865. Then the US experienced a technological boom.

The electric lightbulb Technological Boom Besides having a wealth of natural resources, among them oil, coal and iron, the US benefitted from a swelling urban population and a burst of inventions, including: The electric lightbulb The telephone The railroad

The Railroads Cities like Chicago and Minneapolis expanded rapidly during this because of locations along rail lines. Markets grew with the ability to transport goods to the rest of the country. Railroads themselves became big business-by the 1800’s more than two-thirds of the nations railroads were owned by only a few companies.

Corporations Large business like railroads were expensive-individuals were not usually wealthy enough to make that kind of purchase on their own. Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock, which gave the purchaser a right to partial ownership of a corporation. a corporation, because it was collaborative, could raise large amounts of capital Investors would share the profit, but were not liable for any debt.

Big Business Andrew Carnegie: Carnegie Steel John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil

Continental Europe Industrializes The Napoleonic wars slowed the spread, but eventually industrialization reached continental Europe…

William Cockerill was the “Samuel Slater” of Belgium, smuggling in plans for spinning equipment. His son John eventually built an industrial empire that included steam engines and locomotives. Beginnings in Belgium Had the rich iron ore and coal deposits as well as abundant waterways for transportation

Germany Industrializes Germany brought in British equipment and engineers Sent their children to be educated in England Connected growing manufacturing centers by railroad. Germany was politically divided in the early 1800’s and had pockets of resource laden land all of which effected how industrialization spread….

Further Expansion in Europe Many areas had specialized industries Bohemia had a large spinning industry Spain had cotton Italy was known for spinning silk Like Germany, Many areas of Europe had pockets where resources could support industrialization,

Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality Shifted balance of world power. Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations Exploitation for resources and markets (imperialism) Transformation of Society Rise of middle class Social reform