Fig. 3. Differentiation of the in vivo repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) exposed neural stem and progenitor cells. (A) Representative.

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Fig. 3. Differentiation of the in vivo repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) exposed neural stem and progenitor cells. (A) Representative pictures of differentiated neural stem and progenitor cells from the sham, 1-Hz and 30-Hz treated groups from both 1-week and 2-week treatment paradigms. Astrocyte (green) expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal cells (red) expressed β-III tubulin. DAPI was used to stain cell nuclei. (B, C) Graphs show the percentage of β-III tubulin immuonreactive (IR) cells relative to sham groups in 1-week (B) and 2-week (C) treatment paradigms. 1-Hz rTMS could only significantly increase neuronal cell differentiation in 2-week paradigm (***P<0.001) but 30-Hz rTMS resulted in statistically significant neuronal differentiation in both 1-week and 2-weeks paradigms (**P<0.01). (D) Comparing percentage of β-III tubulin-IR cells in 1-week versus 2-week treatment paradigms showed that applying 1-Hz rTMS for 2 weeks could significantly result in more neuronal cell differentiation compared to the 1-week treatment paradigm (**P<0.01). Also, applying 30-Hz rTMS for 2 weeks significantly increased neuronal cell differentiation compared to 1-week application of both 1-Hz and 30-Hz rTMS (*P<0.05). (E, F) Graphs show the percentage of GFAP-IR cells in 1-Hz and 30-Hz rTMS treatment paradigms relative to sham groups in 1-week (E) and 2-week (F) treatment paradigms. No significant changes were noticed. (G) Comparing percentage of GFAP-IR cells in 1-week versus 2-week treatment paradigms showed that applying 1-Hz rTMS for 1-week could significantly result in more astrocytic differentiation as compared to the 1-week 30-Hz and 2-week 1-Hz rTMS treatment (*P<0.05). Fig. 3. Differentiation of the in vivo repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) exposed neural stem and progenitor cells. (A) Representative pictures of differentiated neural stem and progenitor cells from the sham, 1-Hz and 30-Hz treated groups from both 1-week and 2-week treatment paradigms. Astrocyte (green) expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal . . . Anat Cell Biol. 2015 Jun;48(2):104-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2015.48.2.104