DO all dogs come from wolves?

Selective Breeding An organism (plant/animal) with desired traits are crossed (bred) so that the next generation will exhibit those traits Takes time, energy, and several generations before the trait is common in a population Purpose: increase the frequency of a desired allele

EX: Selective Breeding Over years of selective breeding What corn first looked like

Selective breeding of plant can increase productivity of food for humans EX: cross a disease resistant plant with a plant that produces lots of fruits What are you going to get?

Inbreeding Mating between closely related individuals Ensures offspring will be homozygous for desired traits Negative- brings out harmful recessive alleles

IS THIS POSSIBLE?

Genetic Engineering Faster and more reliable method than selective breeding It is also referred to as Recombinant DNA

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Applications of Genetic Engineering Use recombinant bacteria to clean up Oil spills Use it in medicine to treat disease, such as Dwarfism and Diabetes Agriculture- made plants to be frost-resistant

Bt Corn Evolution Bt corn and bug genes Do you eat GMO’s? Would you eat GMO’s?

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You’re going to write the following without guided notes

Genetic Engineering How: Cut DNA (also know as cleaving) from one organism into small fragments Then, they insert those fragments into a host organism of the same or different specie

Transgenic Organisms Organisms that contain foreign DNA from Genetic Engineering EX: tobacco plant that glows

Plants and animals that can glow! Transgenic Organisms Plants and animals that can glow!

Transgenic Organisms are also called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

Steps to Recombinant DNA 1) Isolate the foreign DNA fragment 2) Attach DNA fragment to a “vehicle” called a Vector 3) Transfer the vector into a host

1. Isolate DNA Cut (cleave) small pieces of DNA using a Restriction Enzyme Restriction enzymes are bacterial proteins that cut DNA in a SPECIFIC nucleotide sequence, called a Recognition Site There are 100’s of Restriction Enzyme

Example of Step 1 EX: The section of Firefly DNA that codes for the light producing enzyme is cleaved (cut) using a Restriction Enzyme called EcoRI

Restriction enzyme Cut the Firefly DNA Sequence at AATT

Sticky Ends Where Restriction Enzymes cut the DNA is called Sticky Ends Sticky Ends WANT to join with DNA again, because part of it has become single stranded

Sticky ends

2. Vectors The DNA fragments that have been cut, need to be inserted into a Vector (vehicle) Vector- a way that DNA from another species can be carried into the host cell Vectors can be biological or mechanical

Vector Examples Biological Vectors: Viruses and Plasmids Plasmids are small rings of DNA found in a bacterial cell Mechanical Vectors: Micropipette or tiny metal bullet

Micropipete

2. Example of Vectors The firefly’s light producing DNA is inserted into a Plasmid

Step 3: Transfer into a host The recombined DNA is transferred into a bacterial cell (Bacteria = HOST) The bacterial cell replicates up to 500 times per cell making copies of the recombinant DNA

Each copy that the bacterial cell makes of the recombinant DNA is called a Gene Clone Rejoining the DNA Fragments (Firefly’s glow code + the Plasmid’s DNA) is called Gene Splicing

3 Steps to recombinant DNA 1. Isolate DNA 2. Cut DNA and combine with a plasmid 3. Transfer into a host animal pharm

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DNA fingerprinting- patterns of bands seen on the gel electrophoresis. Unique to each individual Used to: Solve crimes Unsolved mysteries Determine Family Relationships

Gel Electrophoresis It is used to separate DNA Fragments The gel used has small pores

1. Restriction Enzymes cut DNA into small fragments 2. DNA fragments are then poured into wells on the gel

3. An electric current is hooked up to the gel, and moves the DNA across the gel 4. DNA is slightly negative and will move towards the positive pole 5. The smallest pieces will move the fastest

6. A dye is added, and the result will be bands of DNA

Medicine Cures found in DNA codes Genetic techniques developed: Gene therapy Improve and develop vaccines Diagnose disorders

Gene Therapy Fastest growing areas in genetic engineering Gene therapy- the changing of genes that cause a genetic disorder or controlling the symptoms of a disorder. Example: cystic fibrosis

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cloning your pet

Dolly: First Mammal Cloned Dolly was born Feb. 1997 First mammal cloned from an adult cell

What is a clone? A clone is GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to it’s parent cell

3 steps to clone: a sheep for each step 1. REMOVE SOMATIC (BODY) CELL NUCLEUS FROM AN ADULT SHEEP 2. REMOVE AN EGG CELL FROM AN ADULT SHEEP AND REMOVE THE NUCLEUS 3. COMBINE THE BODY CELL AND THE EGG CELL, AND IMPLANT IT IN A SURROGATE

STEP # 1: REMOVE SOMATIC CELL A body cell (AKA SOMATIC cell) from the mammary gland of a female sheep is taken Take out the somatic cell nucleus The body cell will determine what the organism will look like because we will keep its nucleus

STEP # 2: SHEEP # 2 An Egg cell from a different Female sheep & remove its nucleus Body cell + Egg cell = an embryo in a test tube

step # 3: sheep # 3 Embryo is implanted in a surrogate mother sheep will the baby sheep that is born look like its surrogate?

what will the baby sheep look like if the somatic cell is from a white faced sheep?...

Cloning

The Human Genome Project (HGP) Has mapped and sequenced the entire human genome It was started in 1990 First draft was done in 2000

Genes are placed on a Linkage Map Linkage Map - a genetic map that shows the location of genes on chromosomes Why? It’s faster than using a pedigree chart Scientists are able to look for “genetic markers” to track inheritance patterns

How? Scientists make a map using a method called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) PCR clones millions of copies of DNA fragments quickly

Applications of HGP 1) Diagnose Genetic Disorders (before birth) 2) Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy Gene Therapy: inserting a “normal gene” into human cells to correct genetic disorder HOW? Take a “normal gene” + a Vector and insert it into a person’s body cells The vector will replicate in the person’s body

How does this affect you? What if employment was based on what your genetic tests revealed? What if insurance companies had YOUR genetic information and denied you coverage? What is genetic discrimination?