Chapter 4 Urban America

I. Europeans Flood Into the United States Immigrants- 14 Million Jews (eastern and southern Europe)- More than half America offered immigrants employment few immigration restrictions, avoidance of military service religious freedom chance to move up the social ladder

steerage, the least expensive accommodations on a steamship. The 14-day trip usually ended at Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor Jacob Riis- Settled in cities near ethnic groups similar to themselves Adopted to American culture

II. Asian Immigration to America Asian Immigration-discovery of gold lured Chinese immigrants US-(transcontinental railroad) Taiping Rebellion Severe unemployment Poverty famine in China the discovery of gold in California demand for railroad workers California- Angel Island accommodate Asian immigration-immigration hearings

III. The Resurgence of Nativism (page 468) nativism-an extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people and the desire to limit immigration. American Protective Association, Henry Bowers disliked Catholics and foreigners wanted to stop immigration Workingman’s Party of California- Denis Kearny, an Irish immigrant stop Chinese immigration Racial violence resulted

Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years prevented the Chinese already in America from becoming citizens.

Chapter 4, Section 2 Urbanization

I. Americans Migrate to the Cities (pages 469–470) Urban population of the United States grew Urbanization 10 million in 1870 -30 million by 1900 Immigrants remained in the cities, long hours for little pay Improved standard of living Farmers began moving to cities- better paying jobs, electricity, running water, plumbing, and entertainment.

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II. The New Urban Environment Housing and transportation needs changed due to the increased (Example- MARTA,Atlanta) Skyscrapers, tall steel frame buildings, were constructed for this reason Chicagoan Louis Sullivan Mass transit- late 1800s horsecars San Francisco- cable cars

III. Separation by Class (page 471) Definite boundaries could be seen between where the wealthy, middle class, and working class people lived. Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city where they constructed elaborate homes.

middle class-- included doctors, lawyers, engineers, and teachers tended to live away from the city. Working Class- City Dwellers tenements, or dark and crowded multi-family apartments.

IV. Urban Problems (page 472) The growth of cities resulted in an increase in crime, fire, disease, and pollution. Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives- accused saloons of breeding poverty Great Migration-African Americans moved north Native-born Americans blamed immigrants for the increase in crime.

V. Urban Politics (pages 472–473 Political Machine Tammany Hall-The political machine, an informal political group designed to gain and keep power, provided essentials to city dwellers in exchange for votes. William “Boss” Tweed Party bosses ran the political machines- suburb votes graft—getting money through dishonest or questionable means.

Chapter 4, Section 3 Social Darwinism and Social Reform COS AHSGE

I. A Changing Culture In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Warner co-wrote the novel, The Gilded Age- (1870-1900) “gilded” refers to something being gold on the outside while the inside is made of cheaper material. The authors tried to point out that although this was a time of growth, beneath the surface were corruption, poverty, and a huge difference between rich and poor.

Individualism-This is the belief that regardless of your background, you could still rise in society Horatio Alger- “rags to riches” -novel

II. Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer - Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection that a species that cannot adapt to the environment will eventually die out— Andrew Carnegie-those who profited from society should give something back, Gospel of Wealth-This philosophy stated that wealthy Americans were responsible and should engage in philanthropy, using great fortunes to further social progress.

III. Realism realism,-portrayed people in realistic situations ,instead of idealizing them as the romantic artists had done. William Dean Howell- The Rise of Silas Lapham attempts of a self made man to enter Boston society Mark Twain-Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884.

IV. Popular Culture People had more money to spend on entertainment and recreation. People looked to have fun by “going out” to public entertainment. Coney Island in New York was an amusement park that attracted working class families and single adults. Baseball -first salaried team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings Football and basketball also became popular during this time Scott Joplin- King of Ragtime Music

Chapter 15 Section 4 Politics of the Gilded Age

Reforming Washington Civil Service Reform Garfield’s assassination convinced the public that the spoils system was corrupt. The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, requiring competitive exams for some jobs. This began professional civil service.

Social Criticis Henry George wrote a best-selling book called Progress and Poverty. raised questions about American society and challenged the ideas of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics. Lester Frank Ward’s Dynamic Sociology argued that humans were unlike animals because they could think and plan ahead. Reform Darwinism- cooperation and not competition that caused people to succeed.

Naturalism in Literature Naturalism people failed in life due to circumstances they could not control. Stephan Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser

Helping the Urban Poor Organizations such as the Social Gospel movement -Minister Washington Gladden was an early supporter of the Social Gospel movement. “Christian Law” Salvation Army-offered aid and religious counseling to urban poor. YMCA- Bible studies,prayer meetings, citizenship training, and group activities. They had facilities that offered libraries, gyms, pools, and low-cost hotel rooms. women’s clubs, settlement houses, and temperance movements formed to help the needy.

Chapter 4 Section 5

Resistance and Repression Great Migration better life in the North in what came to be called the “exodus.” Many African Americans joined the Populist Party. Southern Democrats worried that poor whites would join the Populist Party as well, creating a strong coalition. Southern Democrats scare tactics to win back the poor white vote by warning that support for Populism would cause “Black Republican” rule in the South. Election officials made voting hard for African Americans.

Imposing Segregation Limiting African Americans’ ability to vote poll tax and literacy test. The Civil Rights Act of 1875, which prohibited segregation, was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883. As a result of the ruling, Southern states legally established racial segregation in public places.

Southern states passed Jim Crow laws to enforce discrimination. Often, violent oppression was used in the form of beating, intimidation, and lynching. In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld the notion of “separate but equal” in the case Plessy v. Ferguson, legalizing segregation in the South for more than 50 years.

The African American Response The African American community used the media, education, economic goals, and political goals to respond to violence and discrimination. Ida B. Wells began a courageous crusade against lynching, and published a book in 1895 that denounced mob violence. Mary Church Terrell began a battle against lynching, racism, and sexism. Terrell extended her efforts to fighting for women’s suffrage with Jane Addams and Susan B. Anthony. She helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Public Education Americanization-becoming knowledgeable about American culture key to the success of immigrant children. grammar school system in the city divided students into eight separate grades to help teach successful habits in the workplace Due to the lack of educational opportunities for African Americans, Booker T. Washington (Up From Slavery) led the crusade to form the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881.(Tuskegee University)

Atlanta Compromise Speech

Tuskegee Institute

George Washington Carver- Tuskegee Researcher, developed more than 300 uses for the peanut

Dedicated in 1922, the Booker T Dedicated in 1922, the Booker T. Washington Monument, called “Lifting the Veil,” stands at the center of campus. The inscription at its base reads, “He lifted the veil of ignorance from his people and pointed the way to progress through education and industry.”

Morrill Land Grant Act- federal land grants to states for the purposes of establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges. Andrew Carnegie donated millions toward the construction of libraries