Brief Response What were the reasons for the first revolution against the Tsar in March 1917? Why did many Russians become disillusioned with the revolutionary Provisional Government and support the second revolution started in October by the Communists?

BR answers People were angry over problems in Russia the Tsar was not solving: Starvation Unfairness Armies losing the war to Germany People supported the Communists because the first revolutionary government continued the war with Germany, which everyone did not want anymore. Kerensky’s Provisional refused to end the war against Germany.

10.6 Students analyze the effects of the First World War. 10.6.1 Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, the terms and influence of the Treaty of Versailles and Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the causes and effects of the United States' rejection of the League of Nations on world politics. 10.6.2 Describe the effects of the war and resulting peace treaties on population movement, the international economy, and shifts in the geographic and political borders of Europe and the Middle East. 10.6.3 Understand the widespread disillusionment with prewar institutions, authorities, and values that resulted in a void that was later filled by totalitarians. 10.6.4 Discuss the influence of World War I on literature, art, and intellectual life in the West (e.g., Pablo Picasso, the "lost generation" of Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway).

Unit: 10.6--Other Global Interests World War I was not the only event in the world at the turn of the 20th century.  For many nations, WWI did not directly touch them.  the Great War was hardly spoken of except, perhaps, in trading circles and the major cities. Still many other parts of the world were indirectly involved, selling resources to the industrial powers, providing colonial troops to be sent to the far off war.

Post WWI: Common to all sections we will study Many of the colonials felt more confident about driving the Imperialists out of their lands. They lacked the unity and technology to do it. They were encouraged by Woodrow Wilson’s idea of “self-determination”.

The Post WW I World: Latin America

Latin America Latino elites and foreign investors profited from sales to the Europeans during the WWI. Their economies depended on sales to wealthy European nations and the US. As an educated middle class grew in many Latino nations, they demanded more rights and access to the government. 

Latino Self-Reliance Latino nations began showing remarkable pride in their country and people in the early 20th century. They realized how vulnerable they were to changes in the world economy: (3) Any change in the world economy (recession/depression) could devastate Latino economies. When US, Britain, and France’s economies failed in 1930s, so did Latino economies. World depression caused a major drop in the price of Latino exports. Fewer were able to buy them. High price of imports was draining treasuries.

Hacienda: Large, wealthy Mexican plantations and ranches. Cash crops The upper class and foreign investors owned most of the land, and most of Mexico’s wealth. Mexico’s peasants (peones) were indebted to the land-owners Could not leave land until debts were paid Suffered from bad health and no chance of education.

Riots become rebellion Violence broke out across Mexico. An elite, liberal reformer, _______, demanded free elections in 1910. (same answer for both blanks on this page) Francisco Madero, Diaz resigned when he could not control the violence.  _______________ was elected president in 1911.  Francisco Madero

Betrayal Instead of stability, more violence took place, Madero was assassinated by an upstart, Victoriano Huerta. 

Popular Revolution Two maverick revolutionaries run their parts of Mexico, and try to overthrow Huerta. Emiliano Zapata Francisco Villa,   It is a popular rebellion, fought mostly by peasants, men, women, and children. Both revolutionary leaders were eventually assassinated by another leader, Venustiano Carranza.

1917 Constitution Nationalization: right of the government to take control of lands and natural resources. Church lands made “property of the nation” Mexican government will take control of all petroleum in the 1930s.

Review: What Reforms are in the 1917 Mexican Constitution? (5) Nationalization Labor reform Universal male suffrage Women’s rights Land reform

Land Reform Land reform included Broke up large estates Restrictions on foreigners owning land Nationalization: 

Nationalization 1930s, ____________, is perhaps Mexico’s foremost reformer president: Lazaro Cardenas He put Mexican government in control of (nationalized) all petroleum. American and British oil companies’ ownership was removed but compensated beginning PEMEX It boosted Mexican pride: Mexico was becoming more economically independent.

PRI Most of Mexico’s politics is dominated by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).  Groups represented by it included: (4) Business leaders Military leaders Peasants Workers PRI platform has included the interests of these groups,

Revolutionary Indepedence Party (PRI) has accomplished some reforms: 1920s, regained some indigenous (native-Americans) lands 1930s, land distribution to millions of peasants Expanded school and library systems Developed a nationalist spirit. PRI today, Nationalized petroleum Employment Leadership and Cooperation\ PRImero Mexico!

The Norteamericanos: The United States had been policing Latin America actively since Theodore Roosevelt declared the ______ “Roosevelt Corollary”

Intervention Nicaragua: The U.S. invaded Nicaragua to capture the rebel leader, Augusto Sandino. He fought imperialism in Latin America, especially the United States. American forces later left. the _________ family assassinated him and took control of Nicaragua. Somoza With US aid, they would reign for 45 years

More Intervention Mexico: US president, ____________, ordered an invasion of Mexico at Veracruz in 1914, when US sailors were arrested by Huerta officials. Woodrow Wilson He again sent troops into Northern Mexico to chase down Pancho Villa’s forces who had been robbing US banks along the border to pay for their revolution. US General Pershing failed to capture Villa.

Good Neighbor Policy: US president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt promised to lessen US interference in and promote respect of Latin American affairs.

Good Neighbor Policy: Some US actions, under Franklin Roosevelt, to promote better relations with Latino nations in the 1930s included: (3) He ordered US troops removed from Haiti and Nicaragua He revoked the Platt Amendment, freeing the Cuban government He supported Mexican nationalization of petroleum Aided in compensating US oil companies

Political nationalism: Many Latinos sought government that worked for Latin American needs. Many turned to __________ leadership— it would be strict, It would protect the interests of the local people. It worked more for the rich than the majority poor authoritarian

Economic nationalism: Latino nations focused on local control of their economies. Developed home industries. How? (5) Local entrepreneurs started local businesses Poor distribution of wealth prevented the scale of local investment needed to be successful Few people with money to spend, many people barely surviving month to month. Direct government investment of key businesses Raised tariffs to protect home businesses = “PROTECTIONISM” Worked to reduce or eliminate imports Many resources nationalized (taken from foreign control)

Cultural nationalism: Nations like Mexico began to accept their multi-cultural heritage. Indian and African facets became acceptable and were mixed with Western ways. Mexico saw a renaissance of mural art, based on Aztec and Maya styles.

Cultural nationalism: Popular Mexican artists included: (5) (show the art links) Diego Rivera, murals, art Jose Clemente Orozco, art David Alfaro Siqueiros, art Rufino Tamayo, art Frida Kahlo, art

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Standards Check, p. 389 Question: Elites resented foreign business influence Poor rural peasants wanted land Poor urban workers wanted better wages The urban middle class wanted a democratic government

Thinking Critically, 389 Questions 1 2 Carranza was a landowner Diaz stepped down as leader Madero was elected president Is assassinated by Huerta Set up a dictatorship Carranza, Villa, and Zapata defeated Huerta Carranza defeated Villa and Zapata Carranza becomes president in 1917 2 Carranza was a landowner Getting rid of Villa and Zapata ended the demands for land reform

image/graph, 390 Question Lazaro Cardenas

Standards Check, p. 391 Question: It lessened the power of foreign investors Distributed land more equally

Political cartoon, p. 391 1 Because he nationalized the petroleum industry in Mexico 2 Probably not: because the cartoon is in English It opposes the nationalization of oil as did American and British oil companies.

Standards Check, p. 392 Question: Both developed from a growing wish to end foreign dependence.

Image, p. 392 Question: It shows Mexican pride in their ancestry

Thinking Critically, p. 393 3/31 Rivera may be emphasizing on the role conflict and violence in Mexican history. 2 Rivera proudly shows a colorful combination of Mexico’s indigenous and European cultures.

Brief Response What three types of nationalism arose in Latino nations to counter the domination of foreign money and foreign governments?