Kaila Cahoon and Melissa Soleimani

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Western Europe During the High Middle Ages
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Kaila Cahoon and Melissa Soleimani CHAPTER 20 Kaila Cahoon and Melissa Soleimani

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Otto of Saxony rose in Germany Pope John XII had proclaimed him emperor in 962

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Investiture Contest: Imperial authorities appointed important church officials. Pope Gregory VII ended the practice Frederick Barbarossa (RED BEARD)- sought to absorb Lombardy in Northern Italy.

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Capetian France; Hugh Capet founded the dynasty Normans were descendants from the Vikings England was invaded by Duke William of Normandy Popes ruled good sized territory in central Italy Normans conquered southern Italy

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPEMENT Expansion of arable land; population pressures Agriculture was improved; crop rotation, cultivation of beans, domestic animals Tools and technology; watermills and heavy plow. Horseshoe and collar New supplies of food. Different diets. Population increased.

CONTINUED Urbanization to cities and towns Textile production and Mediterranean trade Hanseatic League; an association of trading cities. Business techniques improved-letters of credit The three estates; those who pray, fight, work Chivalry- code of ethics Troubadours Independent cities and guilds

CHRISTIANITY Cathedral schools and universities. Influence of Aristotle Scholasticism; St. Thomas Aquinas coordinated with Christianity Christianity was very popular; sacraments and devotion to saints.

CONTINUED Dominicans and Franciscans were urban-based mendicant orders Popular heresy-the movement of Waldensians and Cathars

MEDIEVAL EXPANSION Lief Ericsson traveled to modern Newfoundland; Vinland Christianity spread in Scandinavia Teutonic Knights were most active in Baltic region Reconquest for Christianity in Spain and Sicily Reconquista

CONTINUED Pope Urban II called Christian knights to take up arms to seize the holy land 1st Crusade-Muslims were recaptured 5 had been launched 4th- conquered Constantinople Crusades failed to take over Palestine from the Muslims

Post-Crusades Some states were established Demands for luxurious goods increased trade with Muslims. Muslim ideas pass to Europe; science, astronomy, numerals and paper.

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