Functional Exercise Physiology Task 1

1.1 Discuss the sources of fuel available to the body The universal energy currency is ATP ( Adenosine Tri Phosphate) However, do we have enough ATP to sustain energy for long periods? Can we sprint indefinitely?!!!

Carbohydrate and Fat oxidation

Approximate available fuel reserves Energy stored (KJ) Approximate time at 75 per cent of max work ATP, PCr, and glycogen 80 1 min Blood glucose ( oxidation) 350 5 min Liver glycogen ( oxidation) 1500 20 min Muscle glycogen ( oxidation) 6000 1.5h Plasma FFA and TG ( oxidation) 170 2min a IMTF ( oxidation) 9000 2h a Fat stores ( oxidation) 360000 3-4 days a Protein 2000 000 1-2 days b Approximate contribution of glycolytic and oxidative energy sources to total energy production of maximal work over different running distances ( Sewell, Watkins and Griffin, 2013:130). PCr- Phosphocreatine FFA- free fatty acids TG- triglycerides IMTG- intramuscular triglycerides For lipids- not all fat mass is available for conversion to energy a- rate of liberation of energy is only about 50% of that of CHO oxidation and therefore the times allocated are theoretical as 75% of max work cannot be achieved with fat metabolism alone. b-only used in prolonged fasting/starvation

1.2 Assess the degree to which energy systems are used in different sport and exercise activities Aerobic Glycolytic or ATP/PCr ? Swim 1500m-26:30 Bike 40km-1:08 Run 10km: 45:50

Running distance Duration Per cent oxidative Per cent glycolytic 100m 0;9.58 10 90 0:10.49 200m 0;19.19 20 80 0;21.34 400m 0;43.18 30 70 0;47.6 800m 1:41,01 60 40 1.53.28 1500 3;26.0 3;50.46 5000m 12.37.35 95 5 14;11.15 10km 26;17.53 97 3 29;31.78 42.2km 2hours 03;38 99 1 2hours 15;25 Approximate contribution of glycolytic and oxidative energy sources to total energy production of maximal work over different running distances ( Sewell, Watkins and Griffin, 2013:131).

1.3:Assess the energy expenditure for different physically demanding activities with respect to the concept of energy and work Activity: running Distance :15 km Duration: 1:22:27 Pace:5:29min/km Energy: 978kcal HR: 161bpm Activity: TRX Duration: 30: 29 Energy: 199kcal HR: 116bpm

Energy Expenditure Energy Expenditure has 3 primary components: BMR Physical Activity Body size, body composition, gender, psychological status

Other determinants of energy expenditure in addition to physical activity Body size Body composition Age Gender Environment Genotype Hormonal status Psychological status Stimulant agents Disease

1.4 Discuss the results of laboratory VO2 measures

Aerobic Performance Fitness can be measured by the volume of oxygen you can consume while exercising at maximal effort. This is known as your VO2 max and it is the maximal amount of oxygen you can take up and use in one minute per kilogram of your body weight. Average untrained male- VO2 max of around 45ml/kg/min A world class endurance athlete- VO2 max 80ml/kg/min Average untrained female- VO2 max of around 38ml/kg/min A world class endurance athlete- VO2 max of 70ml/kg/min

Why is this important? Aerobic capacity or vO2 max can be one of the most important indicators of performance. Those with a higher VO2max are fitter and can work harder than those who have a lower VO2 max. Aerobic fitness may also factor into how well you recover.

Results 55.8ml/kg/min The VO2 will depend on factors such as: gender, age, sport you play .

Average aerobic capacity data Sport Age Male Female Basketball 18-30 40-60 43-60 Cycling 18-26 62-74 47-57 Football 22-28 54-64 50-60 Swimming 10-25 50-70 Volleyball 18-22 40-56 Weight lifting 20-30 38-52 Wilmore JH and Costill DL ( 2005) Erin Densham, Olympic Triathlete, scored 67 ml/kg/min on her VO2max test (Herald Sun Newspaper, 16 April 2009).