Foundations To Instructional Design & Media Selection Produced by Dr. James J. Kirk Professor of HRD Western Carolina University

Some Things You Will Learn The definition of instructional design Current practices, trends, and issues in instructional design Key concepts and terminology

Instructional Design Foundations

What Is Instructional Design? The activity for planning and designing for instruction. Also a discipline by the same name.

Instructional Design Is... The activity of planning and designing for instruction. also A discipline associated with the activity of planning and designing for instruction.

Instructional Design Includes Establishing A Need For Training Analyzing & Defining The Audience Specifying Media Based On Sound Instructional Development Decisions

Past ID Emphasis Was On Skills Training

Current ID Emphasis Is On Cognitive Cognitive approaches attempt to teach people how to think and process information--not just unthinkingly perform tasks.

Other Trends In Instructional Design Include... Viewing Instruction/Learning As A Subsystem Of An Organization Viewing Instruction As A Helping Role Using, Creating, Distributing, Delivering, And Evaluating Learning Activities

Instruction/Learning As A Subsystem Of An Organization Production Management Technology Financial Communications Learning

Instruction As A Helping Role

Technology In The Design & Delivery Of Learning Activities

Other Trends In Instructional Design Include... Using Just-In-Time Instructional Design And Just-In-Time Instruction Using Self-Directed Learning Systems Using Performance Learning Systems

Using Just-In-Time Instructional Design And Just-In-Time Instruction In the initial stages you can adopt or design the three components of instruction (Presentation, Activities, Feedback) independently

JIT Instructional Design Activities Presentation Feedback

Self-Directed Learning Systems A training design in which the trainee works without the aid of an instructor to a set of predetermined material.

Performance Training or learning that focuses on a job related task, activity, or attitude.

Cognitive Principles For Designing Instruction Responding To Performance Need Providing Relevant And Clear Instruction Providing Appropriate Amount of Help Staying Out Of The Learner’s Way Motivating Learners

Cognitive Principles For Designing Instruction Fostering A Supportive Learning Climate Making Training Problem-Centered Providing Opportunity For Practice Helping Learners Assume Control Of Their Learning Providing Learners Feedback Page 21 (14-15

Some Cognitive Models For Instructional Design Are Cognitive Apprenticeships Case-Studies Functional Context Microworlds Simulations

Cognitive Apprenticeships Emulating opportunities for extended practice that apprentices have while working under a master craftsperson.

Case-Studies The presentation of real or fictional situations

Functional Context Instruction that begins

Microworlds A Computer-based simulation with opportunities for manipulation of content and practice of skills.

Simulations A model of any process or activity that represents the controls, methods, and consequences of human operator actions.

Media Foundations

Two Types of Media Instructional

Instructional Media Media that has a direct link between the course developer and students.

Instructional Media Introduction To HRD Checklists & Flowcharts Actual Objects Workbooks Sound Slide Sets Immediatens Instructional Media are those media that provide a direct link between

Instructional Aids Media that is produced for and used by the instructor in teaching.

Instructional Aids Instructional Aids are media designed and produced Mock-ups Handouts Teleconferencing Slides & Transparencies Computer Managed Instruction Role Plays Instructional Aids are media designed and produced

Media Classes Performance Aids Physical Objects Print Audio Projected Still Visuals Computer/Multimedia Simulators

Done Before Selecting Media Establish Need For Training Analyze/Decide To Select Media Based On Sound Instructional Development Principles

Requirement Of Selected Media Fit Students’ Learning Needs Copy Real Working Conditions Be Available & Justifiable Be Cost Effective Fit Learners’ Age, Culture, & Learning Habits Practical For Packaging, Implementing, & Updating

Used To Refine Media Selection Capability With Trainees Backgrounds Age Of Participants Local Production Capabilities Facilities Budgets

Steps In The Media Selection Process

Step One Will your message be instruction or information?

Is purpose to achieve measurable Yes No Instruction Information Will media be used by the instructor? (or directly provide the instruction) No learning objectives! Select media to present the desired information.

Step Two How will you communicate the message?

Will media be used by the instructor? (or directly provide the instruction) Yes No Instructional Aids Instructional Medium

Step Three What are the characteristics of your lesson?

Determine learning domain Determine learning domain Will media be used by the instructor? (or directly provide the instruction) Yes No Instructional Aids Instructional Medium Determine learning domain Determine learning domain

Step Four What media appears promising?

Determine learning domain Make initial selection from instructional aids. Make initial selection from instructional medium.

Step Five Is the promising media the best suited for this instruction?

Make initial selection from instructional aids. Make initial selection from instructional medium. Consider Other Choices. Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional aids. Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional medium.

Step Six Plan the developmental testing of medium & lesson materials?

Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional aids. Consider Other Choices. Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional aids. Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional medium. No Media is ok. Yes Develop materials.

ASSURE MODEL Analyze Learners State Objectives Select Media & Materials Utilize Materials Require Learner Performance Evaluate/Revise

Multimedia

Telecommunications Media

Some Things You Have Learned The definition of instructional design Current practices, trends, and issues in instructional design Key concepts and terminology