Chapter 16 Fluid and Chemical Balance
Administering Intravenous Fluids Maintain or restore fluid balance when oral replacement is inadequate or impossible Maintain or replace electrolytes Administer water-soluble vitamins Provide a source of calories Administer drugs Replace blood and blood products
Crystalloid and Colloid Solutions Crystalloid solutions are made of water and other uniformly dissolved crystals such as salt and sugar Colloid solutions are made of water and molecules of suspended substances such as blood cells and blood products (such as albumin)
Types of Intravenous Solutions Isotonic: contains the same concentration of dissolved substances as normally found in plasma Hypotonic: contains fewer dissolved substances than normally found in plasma Hypertonic: more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment
IV Solutions
Types of Tubing Primary or secondary tubing Vented or unvented tubing Microdrip or macrodrip chamber Unfiltered or filtered tubing Needle or needleless access ports
Unvented and Vented Tubing
Techniques for Infusing Intravenous Solutions Gravity infusion Electronic infusion devices Infusion pumps Volumetric controllers
Vein Selection Venipuncture device is inserted in veins of: Hand in adults Scalp in child Forearm in adults
Complications With IV Administration Circulatory overload Infiltration Phlebitis Thrombus formation Pulmonary embolus Infection Air embolism
Inserting an Intermittent Venous Access Device When client no longer needs continuous infusions of fluid When client needs intermittent IV medication When client needs emergency IV fluid or medications
Intermittent Venous Access Device
Blood Administration Blood collection and storage Blood safety Blood compatibility Blood transfusion Blood transfusion equipment Catheter or needle gauge Blood transfusion tubing
Transfusion Reactions Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction Viral infection Bacterial infection Acute hemolytic reaction Anaphylactic reaction