People in Organisations Motivation theories 7/30/2018 HE Business

Session objectives To understand & explain different theories of how people are motivated 7/30/2018 HE Business

Motivation The force or process which causes individuals to act in a specific way. Motivation is hidden, it is personal, it comes from within the individual. It cannot be created by another.

7/30/2018 HE Business

Motivation theories Content theories Needs to fulfil – Maslow and Herzberg Process theories Outcomes become desirable/pursued by individuals – Vroom Newer approaches Motivation determined by personality - Maccoby and Costa & McCrae 7/30/2018 HE Business

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self actualisation Esteem needs Love/social needs Safety needs Physiological needs 7/30/2018 HE Business

Exercise 1 Which of Maslow’s categories do the following fit in to?: Praise from your manager A family party An artist forgetting to eat A man washed up on a desert island A pay increase Joining the local drama group Being awarded the OBE Buying a house 7/30/2018 HE Business

Herzberg’s Two-factor theory (1968) Saw 2 basic needs of individuals: The need to avoid unpleasantness – satisfied by environmental factors The need for personal growth – satisfied by motivator factors 7/30/2018 HE Business

Environmental factors conditions pay status security company policies 7/30/2018 HE Business

Motivation factors achievement recognition growth/advancement interest in the job 7/30/2018 HE Business

Vroom’s Expectancy theory (1964) Strength of individual’s motivation to do something will depend on extent to which he expects results of his efforts, if successfully achieved, to contribute towards his personal needs/goals 7/30/2018 HE Business

Vroom Strength of an individual’s motivation is the product of two factors: Strength of preference for a certain outcome – the valence Expectation that the outcome will result from certain behaviour – the subjective probability 7/30/2018 HE Business

Vroom Shown as an equation: F=VxE Force or strength of motivation to do X Valence (strength of preference for outcome Y) Expectation (that doing X will result in Y) = X 7/30/2018 HE Business

Maccoby Social Character Type theory (1998) Argued today’s employees have different needs than employees of the 50’s and 60’s Different education (more self directed) and different social relationships (less willing to do as told) To motivate staff, employers now have to play to their key values and bring in empowerment, autonomy, discretion and decision-making responsibility 7/30/2018 HE Business

Maccoby Identified five value types: The Expert The Helper The Defender The Innovator The Self-develop Details can be found in this handout 7/30/2018 HE Business

Costa and McCrae’s Five-Factor theory (2003) They looked at personality and determined an individual’s personality is a combination of five traits (OCEAN – refresh Individual Behaviour handout from outcome 2) By analysing an individual’s standing in each of these five traits, you can get a picture of, amongst other things, their motivational style 7/30/2018 HE Business

Costa and McCrae Openness - Motivated in seeking out the unfamiliar and to look for complexity Conscientiousness – Motivated in achievement and responsibility through conformity Extraversion – Motivated by change, variety, challenge. Easily bored Agreeableness – Motivated by intimacy and team solidarity which provide emotional rewards Neuroticism – Motivated by negative affects such as being tense, nervous 7/30/2018 HE Business

Further research Read chapter..... And complete case study for next week 7/30/2018 HE Business