The Macromolecules Chapter 5

Starch, glycogen, cellulose The Building Blocks Monomer Polymer Type of Linkage Carbohydrates glucose (sugar) Polysaccharide (carb) Starch, glycogen, cellulose Glycosidic linkage Protein Amino acid Polypeptide (protein) Peptide bond Lipid Not a true monomer Glycerol Fatty acid Fat Triglyceride Phospholipid Steroids (hormones) Ester linkage Nucleic Acid nucleotides polynucleotides Nucleic acid (DNA) (RNA) Hydrogen bonds Phosphodiester bonds

Putting them together… Condensation synthesis (dehydration rxn) = two molecules come together to form a covalent bond.. and lose a water. Hydrolysis = break apart two molecules by adding a water molecule. Enzymes speed up both of these reactions to make them happen faster… ie. digestion.

Bagels! Bagels! Bagels! Carbohydrates are made of sugar monomers. Complex carbs (polysaccharides 300+) = fruits, veggies, plants! Simple carbs (mono & disaccharides) = pasta, flour, sweet sugar, bagels Multiple of CH2O: glucose C6H12O6 Serve as fuel (nutrients for cell), storage for energy, and structure for plants.

Bagels cont’d Animals store glycogen in the liver. Carb “bank” depletes in about a day. No carb diet… good/bad? Plants store starch (amylose, amylopectin), alpha glucose Plants use polysaccharide cellulose, beta glucose, for structural support. Enzymes cannot hydrolyze the beta bonds.

Check out that fatty… acid! Many different kinds of fats: Triacylglycerol - common fat. Made of glycerol and fatty acid chains Saturated = all single bonds, solid at room temp Diet rich in sat-fats and trans fats = atherosclerosis: plaque buildup in blood vessels. Unsaturated = some double bonds, liquid at room temp Phospholipids - part of cellular membranes Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail

Check out that fatty… acid! Many different kinds of fats: Steroids: lipids made of carbon rings Cholesterol – actually a good thing in moderation, contributes to the fluidity of cell membranes during drops in temperature. Vertebrate sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) are modified steroids made from cholesterol.

Choline Phosphate Glycerol Fatty acids

Hydrophilic head WATER WATER Hydrophobic tail

Bro, you lift?! Proteins! THEY DO EVERYTHING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The highlights… Structure Primary: amino acid sequence. Secondary: alpha helix, beta pleated sheets. Tertiary: hydrophobic interactions, H-bonding, Ionic bonding, Disulfide bridges. Quaternary Structure: subunits fitting together.

Secondary Structure Beta-pleated sheets Alpha-helix

Quaternary Tertiary

FUNCTIONS

Denaturation Taking a protein apart… changing it’s shape Disrupt the hydrogen, ionic bonding using heat or chemicals. Fever, cooking an egg

Denaturation Renaturation Denatured protein Normal protein

Nucleic Acids… Store and transmit hereditary info… DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose) Made of nucleotides: Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base (ATCG) Central Dogma: DNA  RNA  protein PUAG & PYTUC!

Structure Nucleotides arrange themselves in a double helix. Hydrogen bonds and peptide bonds called phosphodiester bonds hold the monomers together. DNA and it’s products (PROTEINS!) provide an evolutionary timeline.