World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924) Lesson 3 World War I Ends

World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924) Lesson 3 World War I Ends Learning Objectives Describe how World War I became a total war. Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied victory. List the effects of World War I in terms of financial costs, high casualty rates, and political impact. Describe the issues at the Paris Peace Conference and the impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Summarize the terms and impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924) Lesson 3 World War I Ends Key Terms total war. conscription, contraband, Lusitania Propaganda atrocities, Fourteen Points, self-determination, armistice, pandemic reparations, radicals, collective security, mandates,

Governments Direct Total War By 1917, European societies were cracking under the strain of war. Casualties on the fronts and shortages at home sapped morale. The stalemate dragged on, seemingly without end. Soon, however, the departure of one country from the war and the entry of another would tip the balance and end the stalemate.

Governments Direct Total War Recruiting and Supplying Huge Armies Total War- using nations entire resources to support the war Not enough recruits Conscription- the draft Food rationing Blockades and Submarines Impact Economies GB squeezed Germany with Blockade Germany tried to Blockade GB with U-boats Stop contraband- Unrestricted sub warfare- attack all ships going to GB Lusitania The Propaganda War Need to get people to buy in to your world view Propaganda German atrocities Women Contribute to the War Effort Nurses Worked in factories

Governments Direct Total War When Britain declared war against Germany in August 1914, men rushed to sign up for military service. Here, crowds of hopeful enlistees wait outside a recruiting station in London.

Morale Breaks Down Despite inspiring propaganda, by 1917 the morale of troops and civilians had plunged. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the front, and Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.

Morale Breaks Down War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers The horrible casualties changed the way people felt about war Morale drops Revolution in Russia Bread riots break out in Moscow March Revolution- brought down the Czar- Romanovs New government stayed in war- dumb October Revolution- led by V.I. Lenin Overthrew govt, set up communist regime Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- made peace with Germany Now Germany could send troops to West and tip the scale

Morale Breaks Down Soldiers ate, slept, fought and died in the trenches. As the war dragged on and casualties mounted, morale was severely tested.

The United States Enters the War Soon after the Russian Revolution began, another event altered the balance of forces. The United States declared war on Germany. Many factors contributed to the decision of the United States to exchange neutrality for war in 1917.

The United States Enters the War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 1917- started unrestricted sub warfare again US sympathized with GB and France- democracy=yay Some did favor Central powers Germans Irish Anti-German Sentiment Grows Zimmerman Note- Wilson Asks for a “War to End War” Russian became democracy- briefly April 1917- Wilson asks for war Make world safe for democracy US supplied all the allies Fresh Doughboys show up just as more German troops reach Western front Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s pan for peach Self-determination

The United States Enters the War Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. Here, President Wilson reads a German message and ponders what to do. Analyze Political Cartoons What does the overflowing waste basket suggest?

The United States Enters the War Analyze Information Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points deal with countries having free access to international commerce? Why did Wilson consider this so important?

The Great War Ends A final showdown on the Western Front began in early 1918. The Germans badly wanted to achieve a major victory before eager American troops arrived in Europe.

The Great War Ends Final Offensives Spring Offensive 1918- Germans threw everything they had left Gained 40 miles Americans joined the battle and drove Germans back Generals tell Kaiser, we can’t win Germany Asks for Peace November- Kaiser William II abdicates AH empire falls apart Ottomans ask for peace, empire falls apart New German govt signs armistice November 11 at 11am The Human Toll 8.5 million killed in battle 6 million civilians Many maimed and injured Pandemic- Spanish Flu- kills another 20 million The Economic Toll Countries in ruin Reparations The Political Toll Many governments crumble

The Great War Ends A London crowd celebrates the end of the Great War. Similar scenes occurred in the United States and other Allied countries.

The Great War Ends World War I ended in 1918, but its human and economic costs would be felt for decades. Many nations had thrown all their resources into the fight, and their losses were staggering.

Making the Peace Just weeks after the war ended, President Wilson boarded a steamship bound for France. He had decided to go in person to Paris, where Allied leaders would make the peace. Wilson was certain that he could bring a “just peace” to the world. “Tell me what is right,” Wilson urged his advisors, “and I’ll fight for it.”

Making the Peace Allies Have Conflicting Goals US wanted lasting peace France wanted Revenge Others allies wanted territory US wanted “Peace without victors” Big Three Wilson- David Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau Obstacles to Settlement Vittorio Orlando Self Determination- Collective security- League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles June 1919 Blamed Germany- pay 400 billion in reparations Limited size of their military Took territory and all colonies Germany would want revenge- stab in back-

Making the Peace Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace terms. The treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in June in the Hall of Mirrors, shown here, at the palace of Versailles.

Effects of the Peace Settlements The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers. These treaties redrew the map of Eastern Europe and affected colonial peoples around the globe. Like the Treaty of Versailles, these treaties left widespread dissatisfaction.

Effects of the Peace Settlements New Nations in Europe Poland Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary The Mandate System Set up Mandates in Ottoman territories and other territories Many colonies upset, expected independence Widespread Discontent Germany ticked Colonies ticked Russia ticked Italy ticked US- doesn’t even sign treaty, made separate treaty with Germany The League of Nations One of few of Wilson’s points treaty actually listened to US did not even join

Effects of the Peace Settlements Analyze Maps Based on this map and the text, why were many Germans unhappy with the territorial changes that occurred after World War I?

Effects of the Peace Settlements Delegates attend the first meeting of the League of Nations on December 4, 1920, in the Hall of Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland.

Quiz: Governments Direct Total War Which of the following examples is a characteristic of total war? A. The press is censored to control public opinion. B. A stalemate bogs down the war for an extended time. C. Factories scale back on production to save energy for the war effort. D. Governments loosen economic controls.

Quiz: Morale Breaks Down What is the meaning of Siegfried Sassoon’s poem in this reading? A. It’s important for the citizens at home to support the troops as they leave for battle. B. Cheering is one way that people can help boost troop morale. C. It’s easy to cheer for young troops and not think of the horrors they will face . D. A good soldier understands that war is the time to put his youth behind him.

Quiz: The United States Enters the War Which of the following is a key goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points? A. establishing spheres of influence B. supporting free trade C. maintaining isolation D. honoring secret treaties

Quiz: The Great War Ends Why did Germany ask the Allies for an armistice in November 1918? A. Germany was exhausted and could not hold out against fresh troops from the United States. B. Germany wanted to direct all of its resources on the Eastern front against Russia. C. The Allies had assured Germany that a peace settlement would favor Germany. D. Germany agreed to an armistice only until war could be resumed.

Quiz: Making the Peace How did the Treaty of Versailles create a climate that might cause another war in Europe? A. The Central Powers and Russia were secretly planning to disrupt the peace talks. B. Germany was forced to accept harsh treaty terms and might use force to undo the treaty or seek revenge. C. The Allies held Russia in contempt for negotiating its own peace with Germany and might seek war to punish Russia. D. France was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty and might go to war against the Central Powers to win better terms.

Quiz: Effects of the Peace Settlements Which of the following was a violation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points? A. formation of the League of Nations B. establishment of the mandate system C. creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia D. end of European imperialism