Unit 2 – Motivation, Emotion and Stress Objective: Define motivation as psychologists use the term, and identify the perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior.

Fact or Fiction T F 1. Scientists have identified the 10 key human instincts, including smiling, talking, and blinking. False T F 2. People perform better under high levels of stress rather than moderate or low levels of stress. T F 3. Our bodies strive to maintain balance with physical functions such as temperature, heart rate, and breathing. True T F 4. In order for us to be self-fulfilled, we must satisfy our more basic needs of hunger and safety. True

Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Basic needs must be met first

PURPOSE IN LIFE TEST Instructions: Write the number (1 to 5) next to each statement that is most true for you right now.

Motivational Concepts Humans - Sucking Salmon - Spawning Humans - Rooting Reflexes Food Sex Complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species, are unlearned, and triggered by an environmental stimulus. Survival Reproduction Shelter Instincts What are the similarities between a reflex and an instinct? Motivational Concepts Instincts

Motivational Concepts Intrinsic Motivation Incentives A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake Extrinsic Motivation A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior A desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoud threatened punishment

Drive Reduction Theory Physiological Need Increased Arousal Drive to reduce arousal Need is met by certain behaviors… Eating, Drinking, Sex Return to Homeostasis Drive Reduction Theory As physiological need increases, drive to meet the need increases. Homeostasis: the maintenance of a steady internal state.

Dysfunctional Thought Cycle Trigger Phase Build Up Fantasy Planning Acting Out Remorse or Deal Making Emotional Difficulties Thinking Errors Low Self-Esteem Denial Pretend to be Normal Promises to be Better Feeling Clever Justify Minimize Build Up of Anxiety Isolating Behaviors Harming Self Others Justifying Minimizing

With a person sitting next to you: Describe the components of your dysfunctional thought cycle 2) What do you do to intervene before acting out?

Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire The scale distinguishes three facets of intrinsic motivation: • the work factor, representing “the desire to work hard and to do a good job” • the mastery factor, reflecting “a preference for difficult, challenging tasks and for meeting internally prescribed standards of performance excellence” • the competitiveness factor, consisting of “the enjoyment of interpersonal competition and the desire to win”

Yerkes-Dodson Law

a. Extrinsic motivation b. Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law) Define each of the following concepts and state how each might either positively or negatively change student behavior under such a system. a. Extrinsic motivation b. Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law) 1. Definition Points: a. Good definitions are those that don’t repeat the terms from the question in the definition. b. In the absence of a definition, a robust example can be used to earn a point. 2. Application Points: a. The question asks for a change in a student behavior. However, if the answer provides a rationale for how removing grades would break the cycle of an existing system, the maintenance of behavior is acceptable. b. Acceptable behaviors are those that can be observed and measured, typically related to academic performance. Acceptable terms include studying, working, learning, succeeding academically, and becoming a better or worse student. Changes in predispositions to behave are not sufficient (e.g., “removing grades would make students feel like not studying”). c. Definition and application points are independent. Application points may be awarded without a complete definition of the concept.

Motivational Systems – hunger, sex, and social Fact or Falsehood? Read each statement and decide whether you believe it is true or false. T F 1. Hunger is controlled by how full the stomach is. T F 2. The body views dieting as starvation and triggers hunger sensations so the person will eat to gain weight back. T F 3. Some people simply eat when in the presence of food and not when they are hungry. T F 4. Studies have shown that different cultures around the world tend to view obesity with a similar disapproval. T F 5. In hot climates, recipes often include several spices that inhibit the growth of bacteria that can spoil food.

Physiology of Hunger Hypothalamus – Controls Hunger a. Lateral Hypothalamus * stimulates hunger b. Ventromedial Hypothalamus – * restricts hunger c. Regulates Set Point (Set Point Theory) *Homeostasis @ optimal weight *Metabolic Rate – How quickly the body burns energy

Appetite Hormones Insulin: Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose. Ghrelin: Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “ I am hungry” signals to the brain. Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by Hypothalamus. Leptin: Protein Hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. PYY: digestive tract hormone; sends “I am not hungry” signals to the brain.

Psychology of Hunger External Factors – Attractiveness and Availability 1) Eating with Others 2) Portion sizes 3) Variations (Desert Buffet) Internal Factors – Stomach feels empty or you hear grumbling 1) Boredom 2) Stress/Anxiety

Physiology of Obesity – Fat: a high- calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods when food is scarce. Negative Consequences of Obesity: risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, 4) gallstones, 5) Arthritis 6) Increased Health Care Costs

Calculate your own BMI BMI Calculator

Sexual Motivation Physiology Masters & Johnson (1966)

Stage 2 - plateau phase - excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

Stage 3: Release Stage - muscle contractions all over the body during orgasm; these were accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates. Stage 4: Resolution Stage Refractory Period – Men - last from a few minutes to a day or more, during which he is incapable of another orgasm. Women - shorter refractory period may enable her to have more orgasms if restimulated during or soon after resolution.

Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Paraphilias such as exhibitionism, fetishism, and pedophilia, do experience sexual arousal, but they direct it in unusual ways. The American Psychiatric Association (2013) only classifies such behavior as disordered if: • a person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interest or • the sexual desire or behavior entails harm or risk of harm to others.

The Psychology of Sex

External Stimulus: Pornography Internal Stimulus: Imagination

1. Describe one influence on sexual motivation from each of the following categories: • Biological • Psychological • Social-cultural 2. Name and briefly describe the four stages of the sexual response cycle identified by Masters and Johnson.

Answer to Practice FRQ 1 1 point: Biological: hormones, sexual orientation. 1 point: Psychological: exposure to sexually stimulating material, fantasizing. 1 point: Social-cultural: religious and personal values, media. Answer to Practice FRQ 2 1 point: Excitement, where physical changes occur to ready the body for sexual activity. 1 point: Plateau, where sexual excitement is at a peak. 1 point: Orgasm, characterized by sexual release and muscle contractions throughout the body. 1 point: Resolution, where the body returns to normal.