Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800 Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800

Timeline

On the Brink of a New World Motives Fantastic lands The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) Economic motives Wanting access to Asia for precious metals & trade The Polos Religious Zeal God, Gold, and Glory!

Means Centralization of political authority Remember our activity re: who gained political control during the Reformation? Maps Portolani Quadrant Astrolabe Ptolemy’s Geography (printed editions available from 1477 on) Ships and Sailing Naval technology: compass, stern-post rudder, lateen rig Knowledge of wind patterns Military Technology Horses Guns and gunpowder

Ptolemy’s World Map

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) The Portuguese in India Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450 – 1500) Vasco da Gama (c. 1460 – 1524) Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) Commercial – Military bases In Search of Spices Portuguese expansion Reasons for Portuguese success Guns Seamanship

Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Voyages to the New World Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) Additional Discoveries John Cabot Pedro Cabral Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521) Circumnavigates the Earth Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Divides the New World Line between Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) Cuba and Hispaniola (already Spanish)

The Spanish Empire in the New World Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica The Maya The Aztecs The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) Moctezuma (Montezuma) Aztec Empire overthrown

Slaughter of the Natives

The Spanish Empire, Continued The Inca and the Spanish Pachakuti Inca buildings and roads Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541) Smallpox Incas overthrown (1535) Administration of the Spanish Empire Encomienda “ The Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development, and maintenance of infrastructure. In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly.” Viceroys The Church

Africa: The Slave Trade Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar cane and slavery Growth of the Slave Trade Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries The Middle Passage: high death rate during transit Prisoners of war Effects of the Slave Trade Depopulation of African kingdoms Political effects of slave trade Criticism of slavery Abolition and the Quakers

The Sale of Slaves

A Sugar Mill in the West Indies

Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy

The West in Southeast Asia Portugal Spain The Dutch and the English Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

The French and the British in India The Mughal Empire The Impact of the Western Powers Portugal England The Dutch and the French Sir Robert Clive The East India Company Battle of Plassey (1757)

China & Japan China Japan Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty Western inroads Russia England Limited contact Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) Opening to the West The Portuguese Initially visitors welcomed Catholic missionaries The Dutch

The Americas Spain and Portugal The West Indies North America The British and the French The “Sugar Factories” North America The Dutch New Netherlands The English Jamestown (1607) Thirteen Colonies The French Canada

Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Joint stock trading companies New economic institutions The Bank of Amsterdam Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) Agriculture

“Whether the influx of precious metals from the New World, the availability of cheap labor overseas, or the general population increase within Europe caused the “price revolution” (rising inflation), the phenomenon of increasing prices and decreasing wages that fueled and enabled increased commercial investment is referred to as the “Commercial Revolution.” Overseas markets expanded and joint-stock companies with large amounts of capital were able to make unprecedented profits on their investments, which created a new merchant class. The “price revolution” resulted in goods being more expensive (increased revenue) and labor being cheaper (increased profit). Overall, the standard of living declined for the lower class, while the landed aristocracy and merchant class became wealthier.”

Mercantilism Total volume of trade unchangeable Economic activity = war through peaceful means Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade State Intervention

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization Transoceanic trade very valuable Intra-European Trade Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas

The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa Less impact in Asia Multiracial society in Latin America Ecology Catholic Missionaries Conversion of native populations Hospitals, orphanages and schools The Jesuits in Asia Conversions in China Japan

The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors Opportunities for women Economic Effects Gold and silver Exchange of plants and animals Impact on European Lifestyle Chocolate, coffee and tea European Rivalries New Views of the World Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map Psychological Impact

A Seventeenth-Century World Map

Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange