MAGIC LENS grammar study Ms. Ripley English 10 – Fall 2013

This is our $1,000,000 question… What is grammar?

Grammar is a way of thinking about language. What is grammar? Grammar is a way of thinking about language. Please get used to this response… We will discuss this every time we work on grammar!

Four-Level analysis system Begins with comprehensive lectures on the four levels of traditional grammar, followed by cumulative reviews, applications, and appreciations of grammar Parts of Speech Parts of a Sentence Phrases Clauses

Four-Level analysis system I have been so grieved for you. Parts Of Speech __________________________________________________________ Parts of Sentence __________________________________________________________ Phrases __________________________________________________________ Clauses __________________________________________________________

Four-Level analysis system I have been so grieved for you. Parts Of Speech __________________________________________________________ Parts of Sentence __________________________________________________________ Phrases __________________________________________________________ Clauses __________________________________________________________ Pro. Verb verb adv. Adj. Prep. Pro. Subj. ---------------predicate--------------- Subj. Complement -------Prep. Phrase------ One clause, a simple declarative sentence

Four-level analysis system Advantages to this System: Disconnected experiences are replaced by 4-level analysis Definitions are enhanced by word analysis Grammar is explained in terms of SYSTEMS Patterns are emphasized Fragmented rules are consolidated ONCE YOU FIGURE OUT HOW TO USE THE SYSTEM, YOU’RE GOLDEN!

Level One: PARTS OF SPEECH

8 parts of speech First, the chart is organized / grouped in a very specific way. Do you have 8 friends? Do you know where they live? Do you know where they work? If so, then you can know the parts of speech! For each Part of Speech, you get: (1) A Definition, and (2) A Job.

NOUNS Definition: the name of a person, place, thing, or idea Job: must be either subjects or objects; they think they’re in control.

NOUNS ARE EITHER SUBJECTS OBJECTS

PRONOUNS Definition: a word that takes the place of a noun. Job: by definition, it must be either a subject or an object.

PRONOUNS ARE EITHER SUBJECTS OBJECTS

ADJECTIVES Definition: a word that modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun. Job: answers the questions, “What kind?”, “Which one?”, or “How many?”

WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE YOU? ADJECTIVES ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: What kind? Which One? How Many?

VERBS Definition: a word that shows action or state of being Job: either linking or action verbs

VERBS ARE EITHER LINKING ACTION

ADVERBS Definition: a word that modifies (or describes) a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Job: answers the questions: Where, When, Why, How, To what extent?

WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE YOU? ADVERBS ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: Where? When? Why? How? To what extent?

CONJUNCTIONS Definition: a word that joins two words or groups of words. Job: either coordinating or subordinating

WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE YOU? Most Common Conjunctions: For And Nor But Or Yet So

PREPOSITIONS Definition: a word that shows the relationship between words or objects. Job: introduces a phrase & serves as an adjective or adverb

INTERJECTIONS Definition: a word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function Job: None!

Level TWO: PARTS OF a SENTENCE (Sentence patterns) Parts of a Sentence (Patterns)

6 patterns of a sentence While we have 8 Parts of Speech, we only have 6 different sentence patterns. Sentence Parts: Complete sentences are made up of a #SUBJECT and a #PREDICATE

2 parts of a sentence SUBJECT PREDICATE Names the “do-er” or “be-er” of the sentence (Who/What is verbing?) Also includes any modifying words or phrases (such as adj.) “The cat in the hat comes back.” PREDICATE Begins with the verb and does the rest of the work in the sentence. “The cat in the hat comes back.”

Subject / Verb (S+V) Verb can either be action or linking Example: “Kate screamed.”

Subject / Verb (S+V) Verb can either be action or linking Example: “Kate screamed.” What is the SUBJECT? What is the PREDICATE?

Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Noun (S+LV+PN) PN follows the LV and tells us what the subject is. Examples: “I am a teacher.” (teacher = PN) “Mr. Urban is a principal at FHS.”

Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Noun (S+LV+PN) PN follows the LV and tells us what the subject is. Examples: “I am a teacher.” “Mr. Urban is a principal at FHS.” What is the SUBJECT? What is the PREDICATE?

Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Adjective (S+LV+PA) Predicate adjective: follows the LV and tells us something about the subject. Examples: “I am happy.” (happy = PA) “The game on Friday was ridiculous.”

Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Adjective (S+LV+PA) Predicate adjective: follows the LV and tells us something about the subject. Examples: “I am happy.” “The game on Friday was ridiculous.” What is the SUBJECT? What is the PREDICATE?

Direct Object (S+AV+DO) Subject / Action Verb / Direct Object (S+AV+DO) Direct Object: receives action in a sentence (is acted upon by the verb). It is a noun (answers who or what) Examples: “David lost the money.” (money = DO) “Bilbo carried the ring.”

Direct Object (S+AV+DO) Subject / Action Verb / Direct Object (S+AV+DO) Direct Object: receives action in a sentence (is acted upon by the verb). It is a noun (answers who or what) Examples: “David lost the money.” (money = DO) “Bilbo carried the ring.” What is the SUBJECT? What is the PREDICATE?

Subject / Action Verb / Indirect Object / Direct Object (S+AV+IO+DO) Indirect object: to/for whom OR to/for what the action is performed. It is a different noun than the DO. Examples: “David gave me the money.” (me = IO) “Bilbo gave Frodo the ring.”

Subject / Action Verb / Indirect Object / Direct Object (S+AV+IO+DO) Indirect object: to/for whom OR to/for what the action is performed. It is a different noun than the DO. Examples: “David gave me the money.” (me = IO) “Bilbo gave Frodo the ring.” What is the SUBJECT? What is the PREDICATE?

Subject / Action Verb / Direct Object / Object Complement (S+AV+DO+OC) Object Complement: renames or describes the DO – can be an adj. or noun (it only modifies the DO…if not, it’s not OC) Examples: “Her generosity made me happy.”

Subject / Action Verb / Direct Object / Object Complement (S+AV+DO+OC) Object Complement: renames or describes the DO – can be an adj. or noun (it only modifies the DO…if not, it’s not OC) Examples: “Her generosity made me happy.” What is the SUBJECT? What is the PREDICATE?

Level THREE: Phrases Level Three: Phrases

5 Types of Phrases 8 Parts of Speech 6 Parts of a Sentence a group of words without a subject or predicate functions as a single part of speech

5 Types of Phrases 8 Parts of Speech 6 Parts of a Sentence a group of words without a subject or predicate functions as a single part of speech - These are examples of phrases. - When used alone in writing, they are called sentence fragments.

Prepositional Phrase Example: Show relationship & include everything between prep. & and the object of the prep. (obj. can be a noun or a pronoun) Adjective OR adverb Example: “The cat with the short tail ran into the house.” (with the short tail) (into the house)

Appositive Phrase Example: Identifies a noun/pronoun that is already in the sentence Noun phrase – who/what Example: “FHS, the best school in the state, is celebrating homecoming this week.”

GERUNDS Example: “I like running.” (the activity of running) Ends in –ing and names activities Noun *HINT: you can substitute “it” or “the activity” and it’s still grammatically correct* Example: “I like running.” (the activity of running) “I enjoy climbing tall mountains.”

PARTICIPLES Example: “The coughing man sounds really sick” Ends in –ing OR –ed and are used to describe Function as adjectives *Can be grammatically removed* Example: “The coughing man sounds really sick” “Loved by many, hated by few, dogs are the most popular pet in the U.S.”

INFINITIVES Example: “To run” = infinitive Begins with “to” + verb (always!) Nouns, adjectives, or adverbs Example: “To run” = infinitive “To run faster than a bear is a valuable skill.” (infinitive phrase – funct. as noun) “The plan to release monkeys in the wild has been effective.” (funct. as an adj)

Example sentence #1 To win the game is my goal. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? To win the game is my goal.

INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + verb Example sentence #1 WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? To win the game is my goal. INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + verb

Example sentence #2 She loves receiving presents. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? She loves receiving presents.

Example sentence #2 She loves receiving presents. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? She loves receiving presents. GERUND PHRASE: ends in “-ing” / can substitute the word “it” for the phrase

Example sentence #3 My neighbor enjoys being creepy. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? My neighbor enjoys being creepy.

Example sentence #3 My neighbor enjoys being creepy. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? My neighbor enjoys being creepy. GERUND PHRASE: ends in “-ing” / can substitute the word “it” for the phrase

Example sentence #4 WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? Mr. Goodwin scolded Anna, the loudest girl in class.

APPOSITIVE PHRASE: identifies a noun (gives more information) Example sentence #4 WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? Ms. Ripley scolded Anna, the loudest girl in class. APPOSITIVE PHRASE: identifies a noun (gives more information)

Example sentence #5 WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? Dean Miller broke up the fight between the two girls.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: shows relationship or location Example sentence #5 WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? Dean Miller broke up the fight between the two girls. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: shows relationship or location

Example sentence #6 Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart.

Example sentence #6 Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart. WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE? Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE: ends in –ing or –ed and are used to describe (can be taken out)

Example sentence #7* WHICH TYPE OF PHRASES DO YOU SEE? Fear is a really helpful tool which you can use to defeat an enemy.

INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + Verb Example sentence #7* WHICH TYPE OF PHRASES DO YOU SEE? Fear is a really helpful tool which you can use to defeat an enemy. INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + Verb PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: shows relationship (answers “how” we can use; functions as an adverb)

Level Four: Clauses Level Four: Clauses

2 Types of Clauses 8 Parts of Speech 6 Parts of a Sentence 5 Types of Phrases 2 Types of Clauses CLAUSES: a group of words contains a subject and a verb

Independent clause http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSn53u6wEQ4

Independent Clause Example: “My name is Kyle Goodwin.” Stands alone as a complete thought with a subject and a predicate. Example: “My name is Kyle Goodwin.”

Dependent Clause Example: Adds info (such as noun, adjective, or adverb) and appears to have a subject & predicate but CANNOT stand alone because it uses a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. It requires help from an independent clause to be a grammatical sentence. Example: “Because you are ambitious, you will suffer the consequences.” (because = SC)

Example sentence #14 The boy likes the girl. WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? The boy likes the girl.

Example sentence #14 The boy likes the girl. I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? The boy likes the girl. I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T (do you know what that means?)

Example sentence #15 WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? I went to the store yesterday to buy bread for the old lady across the street.

Example sentence #15 WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? I went to the store yesterday to buy bread for the old lady across the street. I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T (do you know what that means?)

Example sentence #16 WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? Although I prefer lifting weights, I do enjoy doing pushups from time to time.

Dependent / Independent Example sentence #16 WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? Although I prefer lifting weights, I do enjoy doing pushups from time to time. Dependent / Independent

Example sentence #17 I hate snow because of the shoveling. WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? I hate snow because of the shoveling.

Independent / Dependent Example sentence #17 WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? I hate snow because of the shoveling. Independent / Dependent

Example sentence #18* I like you, and you like me. WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? I like you, and you like me.

Independent / Independent Example sentence #18* WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE? I like you, and you like me. Independent / Independent