Sleep and Biological Rhythms Introduction Measuring Sleep Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep Biological Clocks

Dolphin Brain during Sleep

Neurotransmitters Involved in Arousal Norepinephrine Locus coeruleous (pons) Acetylcholine Basal forebrain and reticular formation (in pons and medulla) Serotonin Raphe nuclei (pons and medulla) Histamine Tuberomammillary nucleus (hypothalamus) Orexin (Hypocretin) Hypothalamus

Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep Ventrolateral preoptic area (basal forebrain, in front of the hypothalamus; vlPOA) Destruction -> insomnia, coma, & death Injection of adenosine into the basal forebrain produces sleep Sleep promoting brain area of the Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop (Sleep ON neurons)

Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop

Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop

Neural Control of REM Sleep REM ON region: sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) located in the dorsal pons REM OFF region: ventolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) located in the midbrain These two structures make up the REM Sleep Flip-Flop

REM Sleep Flip-Flop