N CORE (PLVI): High footfall, pedestrianized walkways, high retail and commerce. CORE: Vertical growth, high tower blocks eg IFC2. Presence of chain stores eg Marks and Spencer, Gucci, Adidas. CORE: Area is fed by several major roads (Western and Harbour Tunnels, Highway 4; TC and TW MTR Line); Star Ferry.

N OUTER CORE: Anomalies in HK include places of worship (HK Cathedrals pre-date the modern city form). OUTER CORE: Less pedestrian-friendly (fewer walkways). OUTER CORE: Greater presence of independent stores. OUTER CORE: Increasing presence of residential districts (Mid-Levels, Sheung Wan).

N FRAME: Education, hospitals, recycling centres, larger residential spaces. FRAME: Lower land costs (bid-rent model) so more unused land, parkland. FRAME: Fewer major transport routes but high presence of public transport options.

N ZONE OF ASSIMILATION: Previously industrial or undesirable districts undergo GENTRIFICATION. This leads to re-urbanisation and more attractive residential spaces are created. ZONE OF ASSIMILATION: These zones are appealing due to their lower land costs yet high accessibility to the Core Zone.

Existence of regeneration schemes such as Central Oasis. ZONE OF DISCARD: Previously part of the CBD, now rundown or awaiting redevelopment. Eg, Central Market. Now home to street art installations, informal sector jobs (key cutting, shoe shining, hawking). ZONE OF DISCARD: Existence of regeneration schemes such as Central Oasis. ZONE OF DISCARD: High presence of migrant groups eg domestic helpers to create temporary ghettos.