Sport

OAA Outdoor & Adventurous activities OR – recreation that takes place and uses the natural environment Adventure Activity – a form of outdoor recreation that involves a degree of challenge and risk OE - Learning in and about the outdoors The setting is natural or semi-natural environment which adds a degree of risk or unpredictability Can be artificial facilities e.g. climbing walls, ski slopes, man made lakes for water sports, swimming pool for canoeing’ Urban Adventure – adventurous activities in the city e.g. parkour, Rat race adventure

Risks of OAA Beginners – perceived risk (completely safe) Experts –actual risk (dangerous/fatal) Perceived Risk – predictable and safe setting but offering challenge and sense of adventure - activity may appear dangerous but with staff training, RA, safety guidelines, it is completely safe and risk is imagined Actual Risk – avoided by equipment and preparation. Risk is the attraction for many participants. Not part of OE

Constraints on OE Funding Specialist training for staff – expensive and time consuming Health and safety issues Facilities are too widespread – no easy access Staff not willing to give up time

Physical Education ‘Physical Education is the learning of physical, personal, preparatory and qualitative values through formal physical activity in schools’. Fundamentally physical Also personal, social, lifestyle and emotional development Compulsory element of curriculum since 1944

Sports are institutionalised competitive activities that involve vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors’ Coakley, 1982

Self-satisfaction/fulfillment Fun/enjoyment Desire to win Institutionalised Competitive structure – leagues, cups organised by NGB Standardised rules set by NGB Rules enforced by officials Strategies, specialisation of players, training, specialist equipment Code of conduct – written and unwritten Intrinsic Internal Self-satisfaction/fulfillment Fun/enjoyment Desire to win Extrinsic Medals/prizes Money Fame Praise Demands of the job

Classifications Conditioning – to improve mental and physical condition Competitive – invasion, net, striking/fielding, target & fighting Athletic Aesthetic or gymnastic movement – subjective assessment

Benefits of Sport Emotional release Express individuality Socialisation Values e.g. fair play, sportsmanship Achieve success Health & Fitness Challenge Economic

Problems of Sport Reinforce discrimination & stereotypes Too much emphasis on winning Gamesmanship Competition can be difficult for some to cope with Deviance Spectator sport rather than participation Media coverage is not equal for all sports

Sportsmanship Sportsmanship – A moral approach towards participation in sport whereby the performer abides by the unwritten rules of the sport Gamesmanship – A cunning act of bending the rules, without breaking them, in order to gain advantage Deviance - Cheating

Examples Bloodgate – Williams fake injury for Harlequins against Leinster in Heineken Cup Quarter Final Adebayor – match against Arsenal, stamp on Van Persie and goal celebration F1 – when Felipe Massa was ordered to move aside for teammate Fernando Alonso Serena Williams – semi final v Kim Clijsters – smashing racket and shouting at official Why do they do it?

Examples http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZMuS4ynSog http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO_jlXjgxN8

Benefits to Individual Definition Characteristics Objectives Benefits to Individual Benefits to society Play Leisure & recreation Active leisure OAA PE Sport