The Future of Waterborne Shipping E-Nav: The Future of Waterborne Shipping Dr. Bethany Stich Peter Webb Smart Rivers Conference Pittsburg October 2017

What is E-Nav? What’s in a name? Unmanned Drone Remotely Piloted The “E” stands for… Electronic Enhanced Expensive Exclusionary “the collection, integration and display of maritime information aboard and ashore by electronic means to enhance berth-to-berth navigation and related services, safety and security at sea, and the protection of the marine environment” – International Maritime Organization (IMO) MSC 85/26/Add.1- 2008 2

Purpose of E-Nav Recent US Navy collisions off of Singapore and Japan highlight the purpose of E-Nav technologies: to facilitate the safety and security of mariners. Interface of real users with evolving technology a crucial component

2007 IALA London Meeting Global E-nav system is attainable Should be user-driven E-nav as facilitation, not replacement, of traditional maritime skills Current navigation methods should remain Mandatory training Respect tech patent and international maritime law

Opposing Paradigms Human Centered: Traditional Mariner Remote Controlled: Millennial Mariner Common Maritime Data Structure (CMDS) Geodetic Reference systems (GRS), including many proprietary navigation data sets Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS) Real-time Electronic Nautical Chart (ENC) Automatic Identification System (AIS) Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) Aids To Navigation (ATONs) Key Elements Common Maritime Data Structure (CMDS) Geodetic Reference systems (GRS), including now many corporate proprietary satellite-based navigation systems Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS) GIS updating of “Raster Charts” → real-time Electronic Nautical Chart (ENC) Vessel Traffic Systems (VTS) Aids To Navigation (ATONs)

Cyber Hygiene Technologies are hackable. They can also lead to proprietary databases of varying qualities, with potential legal issues. If data access is differential, who is at fault in case of an accident or breach of data? Enhanced Marine Safety Information (eMSI) Committee on Marine Transportation Safety (CMTS) River Information Services (RIS) Corridor Management eHydro Synthesizes data from USCG, NOAA, USACE, & National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) Goal to harmonize AIS information across agencies for uniform “points of interest” E-Nav technologies for inland waterways GIS, cloud-based navigation of lock currents. Synthesizes all district hydrographic survey data for buoys, AToNS (Aids to Navigation), & channels

GoldenEye (Petya) MAERSK IT Hacked June 2017 You need to control what you can; be aware of what you can’t; and know the difference. World’s biggest container shipping line and operator of 76 ports (APM Terminals) Navigation/GPS: South Korea, Black Sea MAERSK e-Nav hacked June 2017 Mariners and shore side seeking prior radio technology as backup to E-Nav (eLoran or eChayka) Source: http://www.mx-marine.com/images/diagram_one_lge.gif

E-Nav Investigation 5-question, self- administered, open- ended email survey of American mariners Purposive sampling of e- nav experts (31) 48 coding events into 6 themes Categories Government Military Academia Corporate Industry Survey addressed the most pressing domains covered in the literature review Purposive sampling because the knowledge base and skill sets associated with E-nav are always rapidly evolving; Most knowledgeable American and international E-nav experts from the last five years was the best sampling frame. Categories : - Government - officials employed by national governments to facilitate their country’s shipping industry); - Military - Academia - education and training of future maritime professionals - Corporate - maritime revenue; could include shipping industry per se - “Industry” - IALA, IMO, etc. Usually former professional mariners QUESTIONS on SURVEY WERE- - Incorporation of E-nav with the traditional roles of mariners; - Are different nation specific rules for navigation on river systems and coastlines a difficulty for E-nav; - What are the best ways to cope with issues of cybersecurity; - Which E-nav technologies are most vulnerable in terms of cybersecurity; - Is there anything else about E-nav you would like us to be aware of

Findings Education & Training Generational Acceptance of E-Nav- younger generation of Internet-savvy, “screen-based” mariners much more likely to accept the technology than the retiring older generation E-nav as augmenting and facilitating, not replacing, traditional means of maritime navigation- this was the area of greatest concern revealed by the survey. The respondents concerns were mostly framed around what they perceived as a push to replace traditional navigation with the new systems also how these systems could supposedly facilitate pilotless navigation in the view of the shipping industry International Differences in Navigation Regulations Collaboration on Development of E-Nav between Government and Industry- least represented theme Cybersecurity- the highest priority for the respondents apart from seeing E- nav as the augmentation rather than the replacement of traditional maritime skills.

Theme Responses Facilitation of traditional maritime skills - “[Any] solution should be more 'User Pull' centered than 'Technology Push’.” Cybersecurity- “[The best response is] Redundancy, do not depend on single point solutions.” Generational acceptance of E-nav- “New mariners would likely adapt to e-nav much easier than current mariners”. Differences in international regulations- “[This is] generally [not a problem] for electronic aids, which simply present whatever data is reflected in the navigation database”.

Remote controlled shipping “Just imagine if the system was compromised [i.e.] sloppy coding.” “I can't wait to see what happens when pirates in Somalia hop on board.” “Do they think that nothing gets done while ships are at sea apart from them moving from place to place? Maintenance and upkeep goes on every day.” Dominant theme - E-nav as facilitation, not replacement -comments from The Guardian. May 30, 2014 sec. Business. “Rolls-Royce Plans Remote-Controlled Ships with No Captain or Crew on Board.”

Recommendations E-nav enhancing, not replacing, traditional navigation- “Looking out the window” Retiring mariners more resistant to E-nav Internet generation more accepting; Remote controlled shipping designed to appeal to younger mariners Generational pilot shortage Development collaboration between government and industry is needed Government & maritime leadership emphasized safety concerns Private sector development emphasizes efficiency but potential for corruption; Liabilities E-nav as augmenting and facilitating, not replacing, traditional means of maritime navigation Cybersecurity- The need to address this at the international and national levels was emphasized The two primary means of addressing the vulnerability of E-nav software platforms were the practice of “computer hygiene”, and “redundancy”- that is, the use of multiple systems which can support a navigational task, not sole reliance on Internet-based platforms. Collaboration on Development of E-Nav between Government and Industry- One respondent from a foreign nation spoke of official structures to facilitate the integration of E-nav and addressing its associated issues with mariners, while an American respondent spoke in terms of the need for such activity here Education & Training- should be done in a measured way with clear definitions of success all equipment and databases should pass safety certifications