Essential Questions 1. What social, political, and economic issues tended to divide Americans in the period prior to the Civil War? 2. Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln seem to increase sectional tensions in the prewar period? 3. What impact did political and military leadership have on the conduct of the war? 4. How did the war affect minorities during the period (women, free blacks, slaves, immigrants)? 5. How did the Civil War “make” modern America?

Fundamental Causes of the War Sectionalism and states’ rights Slavery Economic issues The North and South differed on the proper function of the federal government. In the North, most felt that the power of the federal government was supreme over the power of the states. Most Southerners felt differently, believing that state governments and loyalty to one’s state or region should take precedence over federal power and allegiance to the nation as a whole. The North—with an abundance of free, skilled labor—had little use for slavery. The South, however, with a smaller population and an agricultural economy, needed labor brought in from outside the white population. Slavery fit that bill nicely, although only a small percentage of white Southerners owned slaves. As the United States expanded due to territorial acquisitions and the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, a struggle ensued as to whether slavery should be allowed in those territories. It becomes evident early on in the nation’s history that the North and South were moving in different economic directions. The North thrived on its industrial economy, while the South remained primarily agricultural. As a result, the South frequently opposed tariffs for internal improvements that the North supported. In the 1830s, tariff debates nearly led to secession of Southern states, especially South Carolina.

The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures

Northern Advantages Larger population More ships North 22 million South Only 9 million More ships Larger, more efficient railroad system Lincoln - Very intelligent and dedicated More industry - 81% of nation’s factories Better banking system to raise $ for the war 75% of nation’s wealth

Union Advantages Wealth produced: Factory production Textile goods produced Iron production Coal production Farm acreage Draft animals Livestock Wheat production Corn production

Confederate Advantages Fighting a defensive war Local support of all men familiarity with terrain Motivation: seeking independence, unified support Short communication lines/ friendly population Experienced officer corps- (Lee, Jackson, Pickett) Cotton - necessary for textile factories of England and France Slave Labor in the early part of the war

Confederate Disadvantages Smaller population Few factories to manufacture weapons and supplies Poor transportation system Weak federal government = not strong enough to control Southern states Jefferson Davis did not have complete power like Lincoln

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Confederate forces asked for its surrender. Lincoln refused and sent ships with supplies. Confederate cannons began firing on April 12, 1861.  Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later. The Civil War began.

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Confederate officials began seizing federal-mint branches, arsenals, and military posts. Fort Sumter was a Union outpost in Charleston, SC.

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

The “Anaconda” Plan

Union Strategy “Anaconda Plan” Goal: surround the Confederacy and squeeze them into submission Requires them to cut off resources from the south for easier victory.

Confederate Strategy Goal: to be recognized as an independent nation in order to preserve their way of life Defend its homeland, holding onto as much territory as possible until the North got tired of fighting Capture Washington, D.C. Control border states Gain England's support Expel Union troops from South

George McClellan, Again! Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

Bull Run (Manassas) On July 21, 1861 First real major conflict of the American Civil War. Conf. General “Stonewall”Jackson held his ground and prevented retreat The battle proved that this was not going to be a one sided war for either side. The battle spurred a sense of victory in the South, pushing them on, and in the North a feeling for revenge. Confed. wins 2nd Battle of Bull Run 1862

The Monitor vs. the Merrimac The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

Battle of the Ironclads First ever combat with 2 ironclad ships Merrimac= Confed. Monitor= Union Monitor wins when Merrimac retreats

Damage on the Deck of the Monitor

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

War in the East: 1861-1862

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties

Battle of Antietam First time the Confederacy invaded Northern territory was the Battle of Antietam. It was bloodiest battle DAY in United States history. 23,000 causalities that day. The Union army stopped the Confederate army. This “victory” by the Union gave President Lincoln the chance to announce the abolition of slavery in the South.

Emancipation in 1863