Necessity: didn’t need to / didn’t have to / needn’t have © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 didn’t need to and didn’t have to I didn’t need to buy a protective case. (I had one already, so I didn’t buy one.) We didn’t have to plug the laptop in. (It had enough battery time left, so I didn’t plug it in.) © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 needn’t have He needn’t have upgraded his system. (He upgraded the system, but it wasn’t necessary.) We needn’t have bought a new tablet. (We bought a new tablet, but our old one was just as good.) © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 GET IT RIGHT!  I needn’t to to have handed that homework in today.  Mom didn’t need to cook me dinner today because I ate at school. © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 Language in action Lexi: How is your computer class, John? John: Oh, it’s great! This term I _____________ take cash to pay the teacher – I transferred the money online! Lexi: Wow, John– that’s amazing! You ____________ call me to check how to do it either. Did you make notes in class? John: Yes, I did, but I ___________ made notes, because I remembered what to do. Lexi: That’s so good. I thought it would be hard for you, but I _______ ____ worried. Next you’ll be posting updates and streaming videos! didn’t have to didn’t need to needn’t have needn’t have © Cambridge University Press 2017

Respond to these situations. I bought a new charger and then I found the one I’d lost! “You needn’t have bought a new charger.” I saw all my friends last night, so I didn’t post an update. I didn’t need / I didn’t have to post an update because I saw all my friends last night. Mom watered the artificial flowers before she realized they weren’t real! She needn’t have watered the flowers! He was going to use my phone data, but then he saw that there was free Wi-Fi. He didn’t need / He didn’t have to use his phone data because there was free Wi-Fi. © Cambridge University Press 2017

Can you remember the rules? We use didn’t need to, didn’t have to, and needn’t have to talk about the past necessity of actions. There is a small but important difference between the structures. Didn’t need to and didn’t have to usually suggest that we didn’t do something because it wasn’t necessary. We didn’t need to go to the stadium because it was on TV. (We didn’t go.) I didn’t have to call Ann because I ran into her at the mall. (I didn’t call her.) We form the constructions with did + need + to infinitive and did + have + to infinitive. I didn’t need to see the doctor. (I didn’t see the doctor.) She didn’t have to do her homework on Friday. (She didn’t do it.) © Cambridge University Press 2017

Can you remember the rules? Needn’t have means that we did something, but actually it wasn’t necessary. I needn’t have cooked all this food – only four people came to the party. (We cooked a lot of food but it wasn’t necessary.) She needn’t have taken an umbrella. It’s sunny today. (She brought an umbrella, but it wasn’t necessary.) We form the construction with need + not + have. © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 The birthday presents Natasha Anna Martha Dennis Julia Jo Kate Alex © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 The shopping trip drugstore restaurant a pair of sneakers some books an MP3 player a cake some pens a red T-shirt a tennis racket shoe store bookstore bakery supermarket sports store department store movie theater clothing store post office © Cambridge University Press 2017

Who needs Superman?! I saved you from falling. I prefer you with your glasses on. I like doing my homework. I flew you to New York. I can take care of myself. I wore my special suit. I like your normal clothes. I took my glasses off. I could have gotten there myself. I rescued you from Mrs. Bolt’s homework club. Superman: I saved you from falling. You: You needn’t have saved me. I can take care of myself. © Cambridge University Press 2017

© Cambridge University Press 2017 Acknowledgements The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are grateful for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting and in the next update to the digital edition, as applicable. The publishers are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs and material: Slide 11: ©BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images The publishers are grateful to the following illustrators: Christos Skaltsas (Slide 10) and Zaharias Papadopoulos (Slide 9) at hyphen. Written by Emma Szlachta © Cambridge University Press 2017