2013 Emissions Gap Report Scientists agree that risks of irreversible damage to the environment would increase significantly should global average temperature rise above 2°C in relation to pre-industrial levels by the end of the century Total global GHG emissions in 2010 were 50.1 GtCO2e To stay within the 2° C target, emissions should be a ≤ 44 GtCO2e by 2020 Even if nations meet their current climate pledges, GHG emissions in 2020 are likely to be 8 - 12 GtCO2e above the level that would provide a likely chance of remaining on the least-cost pathway

2013 Emissions Gap Report It is still possible to attain the 2020 goal of 44 GtC02e/year through firm and rapid action The following could bring the global community about halfway to closing the gap: Tighten up the rules governing pledges in the climate negotiations (1-2 GtCO2e) Implement the maximum reductions already pledged without conditions (2-3 GtCO2e) Expand the scope of pledges (2 GtCO2e) Expand the scope of pledges includes covering all emissions in national pledges, having all countries pledge emission reductions, and reducing emissions from international transport.

2013 Emissions Gap Report Remaining gap could be bridged by further international and national action, including through “international cooperative initiatives” Energy efficiency (2 GtCO2e) Renewable energy initiatives (1-3 GtCO2e) Fossil fuel subsidy reform (0.4 to 2 GtCO2e) Three categories of initiatives Global dialogues (e.g. G8, G20, ministerial level, industry, academia, and/or civil society) Formal multilateral processes (international treaties e.g. Montreal Protocol or sector specific organizations e.g. International Civil Aviation Organization or International Maritime Organization) Implementation initiatives (technical dialogues e.g. Mitigation and MRV Partnership or the Clean Energy Ministerial, and sector-specific initiatives e.g. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership, CCAC)

2013 Emissions Gap Report For international cooperative initiatives to be effective, they must have: A clearly defined vision & mandate The right mix of participants appropriate for that mandate, going beyond traditional climate negotiators Stronger participation from developing country actors Sufficient funding & an institutional structure that supports implementation & follow-up, but maintains flexibility Incentives for participants Transparency & accountability mechanisms

2013 Emissions Gap Report Energy efficiency (which includes inter alia buildings’ heating & cooling) is a priority mitigation opportunity Fluorinated greenhouse gases is frequently listed as priority area for mitigation measures