Opportunity Identification and Creation: Using the Capability Approach in Social Entrepreneurship Practice and Research Rasheda L. Weaver PhD Candidate.

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Presentation transcript:

Opportunity Identification and Creation: Using the Capability Approach in Social Entrepreneurship Practice and Research Rasheda L. Weaver PhD Candidate in Public Affairs-Community Development Rutgers University ARNOVA 44th Annual Conference in Chicago, Illinois

Motivation Limited empirical research of how social enterprises combat social problems. Present the capability approach as a tool for identifying and creating opportunities pertaining the alleviation of social problems.

Overview Role of Social Enterprises in Opportunity Creation Presentation of Capability Approach as a Social Value Measure Literature Review of Operationalizations of the Capability Approach Using the Capability Approach in Social Enterprise Research and Practice Limitations of the Capability Approach Conclusion

The Role of Social Enterprise in Opportunity Creation Social enterprise has emerged as an “innovative” institutional form (The Social Enterprise Alliance, 2015; Katz & Page, 2010; Seelos & Mair, 2005 ) Creation of four social enterprise laws since 2008. The social and economic bottom-line structure of social enterprises is often promoted as a more sustainable method for solving social problems. Few empirical studies have been conducted on social enterprises, particularly in the United States, to assess its impact on social problems. Source: The Social Enterprise Alliance (2015)

The Capability Approach The capability approach asserts that human life is multidimensional and thus can be enriched or deprived in a variety of ways (Sen, 1992). Capabilities Functionings The capability approach is used to examine the efficacy of social interventions and policies pertaining to human well-being (Nussbaum, 2004). No set list of capabilities. Central Human Capabilities Life Bodily Integrity Senses, Imagination, and Thought Emotions Practical Reason Social Affiliations Contact with other species Play Control over environment Central Human Capabilities (Nussbaum, 2003)

The Capability Approach and Social Value Measurement Kato, Weaver, & Ashley (forthcoming) suggest the capability approach supersedes popular social value measures by offering a multidimensional, qualitative understanding of social value. This current research explores this idea in the context of social entrepreneurship by examining characteristics in operationlizations of the capability approach.

Literature Review of Capability Approach Applications In order to foster understanding of how the capability approach can be used to measure social value, this study reviewed its application in research and practice. Sample 64 articles on the capability approach. 28 conceptual and 36 empirical.

Findings Findings revealed the following five main characteristics in applications of the capability approach: Diverse research purposes and in various contexts. Individual, community, and societal units of analysis. Quantitative and qualitative methods. Various statistical tools. Used in practice for program performance assessment and recruiting efforts.

Diverse Research Purposes and Contexts The capability approach has been used to examine a variety of social concerns such as poverty, life-satisfaction, and human development. Research Purpose Frequency Multidimensional Poverty Assessment 9 Well-Being Assessment 6 Quality of Life Evaluation 3 Life Satisfaction Child Poverty Assessment 2 Disability Evaluation Governance Measurement 1 Conditional Cash Transfer Recruitment Educational Opportunity Assessment Employment Opportunity Assessment Community Capability Assessment

Multiple Units of Analysis The units of analysis in applications of the capability approach have been individuals, communities, organizations, and societies. Focused on capabilities Individuals Focused on functionings Households Communities Nations (Individually and Collectively)

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods While most empirical applications used quantitative methods, qualitative methods have also been used when operationalizing the capability approach. Method Quantitative – 32 All used secondary data and focused on functionings. Qualitative- 7 3 used mixed-method 4 focused on program assessments in practice.

Diverse Statistical Techniques Over a dozen statistical techniques were used in empirical studies. Two techniques were developed specifically for the using the approach. Statistical Technique Frequency Fuzzy Set Theory 8 Cutoffs with/without weights Alkire-Foster 7 Regression 5 Correlation 4 Multiple Correspondence Analysis 2 Frequencies Factor Analysis Rankings Clustering 1 Structural Equations Model Community Capability Index

5. Use in Practice The capability approach has been used in practice to: Identify participants for social interventions (Azevedo & Robles, 2013) and to understand the core needs of particular communities (El Harizi & Klemick, 2007) To assess the impact of: Single programs (DeJaeghere & Baxter, 2014; Grunfield, Hak, & Pin, 2011; Schischka, Dalzel, & Saunders, 2008) Multiple organizations (Anich, Biggeri, Libanora, & Mariani, 2011)

Using the Capability Approach in Social Entrepreneurship Stakeholder Standpoint Utilizing the Capability Approach Value for Practice/ Research Social Entrepreneur Identify areas of opportunity for new and existing ventures. Aid in recruitment efforts for programs Designing programs based on beneficiary needs Comparing program outcomes to needs to assess value creation. Employees Examine the impact of social enterprises on their employees well-being. Understanding how employment at social enterprise influences employees can provide insight into unique influences, challenges, and strengths it presents for human resources. Beneficiaries Understand the impact of services and programs on beneficiaries. Enables social entrepreneurs to understand the impact of their business. Investors, seed funders, and policy makers can utilize information.

Limitations Monetary/quantitative social impact assessments are often desired in practice and research. Can be used in conjunction with other social value measurement tools (Kato et al. forthcoming). Complex operationalization due to choosing dimensions. Understanding capabilities often takes a ground- level approach.

Conclusion This study was conducted to highlight how the capability approach could be used in practical and research efforts in the field of social entrepreneurship. Implications Practice Opportunity Identification Employee Well-Being Assessment Program Performance Assessment Research Methods and purposes for operationalizing the capability approach.

Thank You! Contact Information Rasheda L. Weaver Doctoral Candidate in Public Affairs Rutgers University-Camden Rasheda.weaver@rutgers.edu