Social learning theory Learning via observation and imitation of others

According to Bandura’s theory of social learning there are 4 stages to learning: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Vicarious reinforcement Identification

Bobo doll experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr0OTCVtHbU

Write on the whiteboard A, P, F, C for this study and get it checked before adding to your sheet.

Find your bio approach notes Biological approach re-cap Kahoot quiz!

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Not Q 7 Q8 Q9 Q10 21 mins Ext = do q 11 &12

Q1 - C Q2 - B Q3 - C Q4 – E (box 1) D (box 2)

Q5. Synaptic transmission For top marks = refers to both presynaptic and postsynaptic processes Signal reaches the synapse – causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move towards to the edge of the synapse Neurotransmitters released into synaptic gap/cleft Neurotransmitters travel across the gap/cleft and bind with postsynaptic receptors to activate the next cell.

Q6 A) false B) false

Q8) 2 marks for outline & 2 for links to scenario Sympathetic nervous system = responds to threat/ Fight or flight ‘breathing quickens’ ‘ mouth dries’ ‘ heart pounds’ Parasympathetic nervous system = rest & digest / normal functioning ‘breathing slows down’ ‘becomes calm’ If candidate states fight or flight and rest and digest with no further explanation = 1 mark

Q9 The endocrine system Secretes hormones Regulates boduly functions Chemical system of communicaion via the blood

Q 10 B & C

Evaluation Learning Approach  What is the problem with the way this approach does its research?  What factors which effect behaviour does this approach ignore?  What is a good thing about the way this approach does its research? Applications for this approach? Could it help people in some way? (apply theories/ideas) Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Social learning theory

Behavioural/ learning treatments for phobias Based on classical conditioning = assumption is phobias can be unlearned by changing the association from negative fear to positive emotions

examples Person How does it work How do they make it ethical? Jackie Fear of feathers (2nd treatment not hypnotherapy) Treatment: systematic desensitisation Trevor Fear of heights Treatment: flooding

Flooding What does it involve? How does it work? How do they make it ethical?

Flooding Immediate exposure to very frightening situation Longer sessions (up to 3 hours) Often only 1 needed

How / why does it work?

Why is this cheaper than systematic desensitisation? Evaluating flooding  COST EFFECTIVE Why is this cheaper than systematic desensitisation?  TRAUMATIC/ UNETHICAL How could you argue this?  LESS EFFECTIVE FOR CERTAIN PHOBIAS Can you think of any phobias where this would be difficult or impossible to use?

Systematic desensitisation 1) Anxiety hierarchy What do you think this means? How is it devised? 2) Relaxation What sort of techniques could you use? Why would you do this? 3) Exposure How is the patient exposed in this treatment? When do they move to the next level?

hierarchy to treat dog phobia

Another example Baked beans phobia!

Re-cap What are the three stages of systematic desensitisation? How is it different to flooding?

Evaluating systematic desensitisation  EFFECTIVENESS Research: Gilroy et al (2003) (pg 147) What two treatments were compared? What was the effect after 3 months and 33 months? What does it show about the treatments? APPROPRIATENESS How could you argue that this is more suitable than flooding for people with anxiety or learning difficulties?  COSTLY Why is this more expensive than flooding? TIME CONSUMING Why is this more time consuming than flooding?

Gilroy et al (2003) (pg 147) What two treatments were compared? Systematic desensitisation & relaxation (control group) – 42 patients What was the effect after 3 months and 33 months? SD group were less fearful What does it show about the treatments? SD more effective than relaxation & long lasting effects

Behaviourist explanation of phobias We learn to fear a certain object or situation Mowrer: two-process theory Phobia is created via classical conditioning And maintained via operant conditioning.

How is behaviour learnt? 1.Classical conditioning Learning to associate an event or situation with fear E.g. person is bitten by a dog and learns to associate dogs with fear Little Albert How did he react to the rat to begin with? How did he become afraid of the rat?

Little Albert: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1hAQphEiMg&list=PLl3o-SyNdYYn-4zKmBVXlHG7DdufQjgd0&index=3 Finding albert : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJnJ1Q8PAJk

In Little Albert, identify the following: Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

2.Operant conditioning: what do these terms mean? Positive Reinforcement = Negative reinforcement =

2.Operant conditioning Reinforcement = positive How is the patient positively reinforced for their phobic behaviour?’ Negative reinforcement = How does the patient strengthen their own phobia via NR?

Evaluation of the behavioural approach  Supportive evidence There is evidence to support the view that phobias are learnt = Little Albert Study  Practical Applications –What treatments are available? How to they link to learning theory?  Phobias don’t always follow trauma – why is this problematic for this theory? Mineka’s monkeys

Weaknesses  An alternative explanation of phobias Focuses too much on environmental determinants of behaviour and ignores role of biology/evolution There is evidence that phobias may have a biological cause E.g. many people have frightening experiences with cars, electricity, but few people have fears of these objects Appear biologically prepared to develop fears of objects that have had survival value e.g. snakes, heights