Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 5.1, 5.3 Evolution and Ecology Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 5.1, 5.3

Macro Evolution

Biodiversity =

Speciation

Extinction

Ecological Niche Generalists Specialists

Historical Geology

Principles of Relative Dating Uniformitarianism Law of Superposition Law of Original Horizontality Cross Cutting Relationships Intrusion Extrusion Unconformity

Uniformitarianism

Superposition- youngest to oldest Click anywhere in picture to skip back to LAWS.

Law of Original Horizontality

Cross Cutting Click to skip back to LAWS.

STEP 1 STEP 2 Click Step 1 to go back to sequence of events.

STEP 3 Click STEP # to go back to Sequence of Events. STEPS 4-6

UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses. This represents a gap in geologic time... Click to continue.

….outlined below... Click to continue.

Practice: what happened here? Click to see arrows shoot in one at a time. #1= included fragments #2=intrusion, cross-cutting #3= angular unconformity #4=erosion. This is the outcome of the next slide.

Natural Selection Environmental Change/Competition Genetic Variability (mutations) Adaptive Trait Heritable Differential Reproduction

Ecology: The science that focuses on how organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy.

Rank the following terms based on levels of organization: Ecosystems Community Organism Population Biosphere

Ecological Focus: 1)Organisms 2)Populations 3)Communities 4)Ecosystems 5)Bioshpere

What Sustains Ecosystems? One way flow of Energy (open system) Cycling of Matter (closed system) Gravity

Energy Flow in Ecosystems Trophic Levels Producers (autotrophs) Primary Consumers (heterotrophs) Secondary Consumers (heterotrophs) Tertiary Consumers (heterotrophs) Detritivores (heterotrophs)

Intraspecific Comp

Interspecific Comp

Predator Prey Relationships

How do predators increase their chances of getting a meal? How do prey defend against or avoid predators?

Predators Pursuit and Ambush Speed/Eye sight Camouflage Chemical Warfare

Prey Protective shells Camouflage Chemical Warfare Warning Coloration Mimicry

Ecological Succession Communities in Transition

Ecological Succession Definition: A process of community development that involves a changing sequence of species

Rate of Succession Three Factors: Facilitation – promoting growth Inhibition – hindering growth Tolerance – allowing growth

Primary Succession Definition: Ecological succession in an environment that has not previously been Inhabited

Primary Succession Cont. Sequence of Events: No Soil – glaciated/polished bedrock, lava flows etc. Slow moving: pioneer community forest community Lichens Grasses Shrubs Trees

Hot Spots

What are the first organisms (plants) that you would expect to colonize this area? Early Successional Species AKA Pioneer Species

Lichen – symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus

Mosses – Primitive, nonvascular plants

What do lichens and mosses do that allows other organisms to colonize the area?

Soil forming

What is next? Midsuccessional Species Things that: Need very little soil to survive Need lots of sunlight Can out-compete mosses and lichens

Grasses

Ferns

What is next?

Shrubs and Small Trees

Pine Trees

What is next? Late Successional Species Things that: Tolerate Shade Can out-compete pine trees

Maple Trees, Eastern Hemlock

Secondary Succession Definition: Ecological Succession in a previously inhabited environment that was exposed to some type of disturbance (forest fire, deforestation etc.) Soil is already present Fast moving

Types of Forest Fires Ground/Surface Crown Fires Depending on their intensity, fires can benefit or harm forests.

Fire Ecology Benefits: Release valuable minerals/nutrients Reduce Crowding Control pathogens/insects Stimulate seed germination Burn away flammable ground material

Fire Suppression Decreases nutrient cycling Changes in species composition Increased susceptibility to disease/insect/parasites Accumulation of combustible materials: Increases leaf litter Increase in brush and small trees Increased density of understory growth

Changing Views on Succession Not necessarily a sequence Climax Community vs. Mature (Mosaic of Vegetation Patches): Ecosystems are rarely, if ever, at equilibrium

Ecological Stability Factors of Stability: Inertia/Persistence – resistant to change – e.g. tropical rainforests Resilience – repairing damage – e.g. grassland