Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 5.1, 5.3 Evolution and Ecology Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 5.1, 5.3
Macro Evolution
Biodiversity =
Speciation
Extinction
Ecological Niche Generalists Specialists
Historical Geology
Principles of Relative Dating Uniformitarianism Law of Superposition Law of Original Horizontality Cross Cutting Relationships Intrusion Extrusion Unconformity
Uniformitarianism
Superposition- youngest to oldest Click anywhere in picture to skip back to LAWS.
Law of Original Horizontality
Cross Cutting Click to skip back to LAWS.
STEP 1 STEP 2 Click Step 1 to go back to sequence of events.
STEP 3 Click STEP # to go back to Sequence of Events. STEPS 4-6
UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses. This represents a gap in geologic time... Click to continue.
….outlined below... Click to continue.
Practice: what happened here? Click to see arrows shoot in one at a time. #1= included fragments #2=intrusion, cross-cutting #3= angular unconformity #4=erosion. This is the outcome of the next slide.
Natural Selection Environmental Change/Competition Genetic Variability (mutations) Adaptive Trait Heritable Differential Reproduction
Ecology: The science that focuses on how organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy.
Rank the following terms based on levels of organization: Ecosystems Community Organism Population Biosphere
Ecological Focus: 1)Organisms 2)Populations 3)Communities 4)Ecosystems 5)Bioshpere
What Sustains Ecosystems? One way flow of Energy (open system) Cycling of Matter (closed system) Gravity
Energy Flow in Ecosystems Trophic Levels Producers (autotrophs) Primary Consumers (heterotrophs) Secondary Consumers (heterotrophs) Tertiary Consumers (heterotrophs) Detritivores (heterotrophs)
Intraspecific Comp
Interspecific Comp
Predator Prey Relationships
How do predators increase their chances of getting a meal? How do prey defend against or avoid predators?
Predators Pursuit and Ambush Speed/Eye sight Camouflage Chemical Warfare
Prey Protective shells Camouflage Chemical Warfare Warning Coloration Mimicry
Ecological Succession Communities in Transition
Ecological Succession Definition: A process of community development that involves a changing sequence of species
Rate of Succession Three Factors: Facilitation – promoting growth Inhibition – hindering growth Tolerance – allowing growth
Primary Succession Definition: Ecological succession in an environment that has not previously been Inhabited
Primary Succession Cont. Sequence of Events: No Soil – glaciated/polished bedrock, lava flows etc. Slow moving: pioneer community forest community Lichens Grasses Shrubs Trees
Hot Spots
What are the first organisms (plants) that you would expect to colonize this area? Early Successional Species AKA Pioneer Species
Lichen – symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus
Mosses – Primitive, nonvascular plants
What do lichens and mosses do that allows other organisms to colonize the area?
Soil forming
What is next? Midsuccessional Species Things that: Need very little soil to survive Need lots of sunlight Can out-compete mosses and lichens
Grasses
Ferns
What is next?
Shrubs and Small Trees
Pine Trees
What is next? Late Successional Species Things that: Tolerate Shade Can out-compete pine trees
Maple Trees, Eastern Hemlock
Secondary Succession Definition: Ecological Succession in a previously inhabited environment that was exposed to some type of disturbance (forest fire, deforestation etc.) Soil is already present Fast moving
Types of Forest Fires Ground/Surface Crown Fires Depending on their intensity, fires can benefit or harm forests.
Fire Ecology Benefits: Release valuable minerals/nutrients Reduce Crowding Control pathogens/insects Stimulate seed germination Burn away flammable ground material
Fire Suppression Decreases nutrient cycling Changes in species composition Increased susceptibility to disease/insect/parasites Accumulation of combustible materials: Increases leaf litter Increase in brush and small trees Increased density of understory growth
Changing Views on Succession Not necessarily a sequence Climax Community vs. Mature (Mosaic of Vegetation Patches): Ecosystems are rarely, if ever, at equilibrium
Ecological Stability Factors of Stability: Inertia/Persistence – resistant to change – e.g. tropical rainforests Resilience – repairing damage – e.g. grassland