The Rock Cycle and Changes in the Earth

The Rock Cycle and Changes in the Earth

Rock Cycle Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Weathering Weathering Pressure Melting Pressure Metamorphic Igneous Melting 3

What properties of each type of rock Properties of Rocks What properties of each type of rock did we observe? Igneous: Sedimentary: Metamorphic: may have large or small crystals; can be shiny or glassy; can have air holes that allow it to float on water. have flat layers and may contain fossils; they are usually softer than other rocks and have grains that can easily be scraped off the surface. has crystals or grains that are in wavy layers.

Examples of Types of Rocks What examples of each type of rock have we identified? Igneous: Obsidian, Granite, Basalt, Pumice Sedimentary: Sandstone, Limestone, Conglomerate, Shale Metamorphic: Slate, Marble, Quartzite, Gneiss

Rock Cycle Rocks are formed by the heating, squeezing, weathering, melting and cooling of rocks

How are rocks formed? Igneous: forms when magma cools and becomes solid. Sedimentary: forms when layers of sediment join together making a solid rock. Metamorphic: forms when other rocks are heated and/or squeezed.

Review of Terms Igneous – rock formed when magma cools and becomes solid. Sedimentary - rock formed when sediment joins together becoming a solid rock. Metamorphic – rock formed when rocks are heated and squeezed.

Review of Terms Lava – melted rock that flows out of the ground onto the Earth’s surface. Rock – a solid mixture of minerals that was formed in the Earth’s crust. Mineral – a solid natural material that has a crystal form and its own set of properties. Property – a characteristic of a substance.

Review of Terms Rock Cycle – the process of creating and changing rocks. Weathering – the process of breaking rock into smaller pieces by water, wind, plants, and sun. Melting – the process of heating rock into a liquid. Pressure – the process of squeezing rock.

The Rock Cycle and Changes in the Earth Rocks and Minerals

Compare and Contrast Rocks and Minerals How Rocks & Minerals Are Alike Both are solid earth materials Both have crystals Both are made of minerals How Rocks & Minerals Are Different Rocks contain 2 or more minerals Minerals have only one mineral Minerals have own special properties

How did we Identify Minerals? Color – a mineral may be one color or different colors. Luster – how a mineral’s surface reflects light Hardness – a mineral may be very hard or soft Streak – the color of the mark when it is scraped on a white tile Magnetism – the attraction of a mineral to a magnet

Review of Terms Mineral – a solid natural material that has a crystal form and its own set of properties Rock – a solid mixture of minerals that was formed in Earth’s crust Property – a characteristic of a substance. Properties include color, hardness, streak and magnetism.

Review of Terms Color – the color (s) contained in a rock Hardness – the ability of a mineral to resist being scratched. Streak – the color of the mark that a mineral makes when it is scraped on a white tile. Magnetism – the ability of a rock to be attracted to a magnet.

The Rock Cycle and Changes in the Earth Layers of the Earth 16

Layers of the Earth Crust Mantle Core Inner core Outer Core 17

Layers of the Earth Crust Outer most layer Thinnest layer of the earth Made of solid cool rock Constantly being reformed by erosion and deposition Composed of two types: Continental Oceanic 18

Layers of the Earth Mantle Made of melted rock Flows Moves the earth’s plates around When it bursts through the crust is called lava 19

Layers of the Earth Core Outer Core Inner core Hot High pressure Molten metal – nickel and iron Inner core Very hot Very High pressure Solid metal – 20

Review of Terms Crust – the outer most layer of the earth. It is composed of solid, cool rock. Mantle – the layer of the earth between the core and the crust. It is composed of melted rock. Core – the center of the earth it is composed of iron and nickel. It has 2 parts the inner and outer core. Inner core – Very center of the earth It is composed of solid metal because the pressure is so high. Outer core – The layer of the core in between the mantle and the inner core. It is composed of liquid metals. 21

The Rock Cycle and Changes in the Earth 22

Ways the Earth’s Surface Changes Rapid Changes Volcanoes Earthquakes Tsunamis Landslides Floods Slow Changes Weathering Erosion Deposition Mountain Building 23

Review of Terms Erosion: a slow earth changing process that occurs when fragmented rock is removed by gravity, water, wind, or glacial ice. Deposition: a slow earth changing process that occurs when fragmented rock that has eroded is dropped in a new place. Weathering: a slow earth changing process that occurs when rock is broken down and worn away by rock by water, wind, ice, and plants. 24

Review of Terms Mountain Building: a slow earth changing process of pushing rock up to form mountains. Volcanoes: a rapid earth changing process that occurs when hot melted rock from inside the earth (magma) is pushed up through the earth’s surface (lava). Earthquakes: a rapid earth changing process that occurs when hugs slabs of the earth’s crust move against each other. 25

Review of Terms Tsunami: a rapid earth changing process that happens when an earthquake occurs on the ocean floor. It pushes water that becomes a large wave as it reaches the shore. Landslide: a rapid earth changing process that occurs when gravity pulls rocks and gravel down a hill or mountain side. Flood: a rapid earth changing process that occurs when water covers land that would otherwise be dry. It can wash away soil and deposits the soil in other places. 26

Review of Terms Eruption: the process by which solid, liquid, and gaseous materials are ejected into the earth’s atmosphere and onto the earth’s surface by volcanic activity Lava: molten rock above ground Magma: molten rock under ground Volcano: a vent in the Earth’s crust from which molten rock, hot steam, and other materials may emerge 27