Essential Question: How did Jefferson’s presidency change American government, territory, & foreign policy? Warm-Up Question: How will the fact that Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president? Lesson Plan for

The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860) Early Antebellum (1800-1840) American nationalism Age of the “common man” Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy Late Antebellum (1840-1860) Manifest Destiny into the West Sectionalism divided North & South

Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”: For the first time, a new political party took the presidency Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Jefferson Video

Jefferson as President As a Democratic-Republican, Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t: He reduced the size of the army Cut back Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire

Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty

“Midnight Judges” Before leaving office, President Adams appointed numerous Federalist judges to federal courts John Marshall became chief justice to the Supreme Court Over the next 30 years, John Marshall strengthened the power of the national gov’t & the Supreme Court

The Legacy of John Marshall In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Marbury v. Madison Jefferson invalidated as many of Adams’ midnight judges as possible One judge, William Marbury, sued claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

Marbury v Madison: Read the background & you make the call Jefferson invalidated as many of Adams’ midnight judges as possible One judge, William Marbury, sued claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional Marbury v Madison: Read the background & you make the call

Judicial Review

The United States in 1800 In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell Louisiana From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA Ohio (1803) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796) Americans were flooding into the “west”

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway In 1803, Jefferson authorized the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/trailmap/index.html Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory; Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America

Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804

Jefferson’s Legacy Jefferson came into office trying to reduce the size & power of the national government, but: By buying Louisiana, he expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution He encouraged Congress to create an “embargo” (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade

Napoleon’s Empire Americans smuggled & Jefferson had to increase the size of gov’t to enforce the embargo Jefferson’s embargo was a “pain in the rear end” because it hurt Americans more than it hurt the English or French

James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812 George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812 Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t

“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry The War of 1812 Unfortunately, the war between England & France continued to cause problems for Americans: England & France continued to violate American free trade The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor “Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry Video: Setting the Stage for War

Quick Class Discussion Problem: Since 1793, Britain & France have been at war, violated free trade, & impressed merchants Attempts to resolve these issues did not solve these problems: Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) Adams’ XYZ Affair (1798) Jefferson’s failed embargo (1807) Solution? Brainstorm 3 possible solutions President Madison could use to solve this problem & select the 1 best alternative. Be sure to explain your decision

Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution” Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812

The British attacked & burned Washington, DC… The War of 1812 (1812—1814) The British attacked & burned Washington, DC… The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began Had a weak navy & poorly trained army The war went badly at first …and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

The War of 1812 (1812—1814) Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly

The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero The War of 1812 (1812—1814) The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

Battle of New Orleans—Johnny Horton (1959) In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:] We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus] Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well

Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war Effects of the War of 1812: Americans were united in a sense of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy 27