Michael A. McAdams Geography Dept. Fatih University Istanbul, Turkey Nature of Cartography Michael A. McAdams Geography Dept. Fatih University Istanbul, Turkey

What are we trying to do when we study Cartography? Discover spatial reality? Meaning of spatial relationships? Where things are absolutely located, measured and how find directions? Make pretty maps? I really do not know?

Maps Represent the World Contested meanings ~ maps are texts to be “decoded” Not only is it easy to lie with maps, it’s essential. To portray meaningful relationships for a complex, three-dimensional world on a flat sheet of paper or a video screen, a map must distort reality. Mark Monmonier How to Lie with Maps (1996) All maps, in one sense are lies since they involve a massive partial (mis)representation of the solid world on a smaller object….Maps do show us the lie of the land, in the multiple sense of the word “lie.” John Rennie Short The World through Maps: A History of Cartography (2003) http://www.accd.edu/sac/lrc/librns/celita/keller.ppt

Decoding Maps Key terms Projection – the formal representation of the round world on a flat surface Scale – maps compress, “scale” is the measure of compression Orientation – the “directionality” of a map Symbols – make visible the features, places, and other locational information represented on the map. http://www.accd.edu/sac/lrc/librns/celita/keller.ppt

Projection http://www.accd.edu/sac/lrc/librns/celita/keller.ppt

Maps as Spatial Imagery Map - the graphic representation of the geographical setting. Cartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects. Cartography is an efficient way of manipulating, analysing and expressing ideas, forms and relationships that occur in two- and three-dimensional space. http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

Characteristics of Maps Locations in two-dimensional space Attributes - qualities or magnitudes Examples: Relationships among locations, e.g. Distance Relationships among various attributes at one location, e.g. Temperature, rainfall and soil Relationships among the locations of the attributes of a given distribution, e.g. Rainfall Relationships among the locations of derived or combined attributes of given distributions, e.g. Relation of GDP and population http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

More Characteristics of Maps All geographical maps are reductions. Scale. All maps involve geometrical transformations. Map projection. All maps are abstractions of reality. All maps use signs to stand for elements of reality. Symbolism. http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

Catagories of Maps Classed by scale Small-scale map Large-scale map Classed by function General reference maps Thematic maps Charts Classed by subject matter

Processes in Cartography Collecting and selecting the data for mapping Manipulating and generalising the data, designing and constructing the map Reading or view the map Responding to or interpreting the information

Map Effectiveness Map Effectiveness Map Use Map Making Simplification Symbolisation Analysis Map Effectiveness Map Making Map Use Selection Interpretation Classification Exaggeration Reading http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

Geographic Information Transformation Census Ground survey Remote sensing Compilation Selection Classification Simplification Exaggeration Symbolisation Reading Analysis Interpretation Geographical Environment Recognised Geographical Information MAP Map Image Transform 1 Transform 2 Transform 3 http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

The Scope of Cartography Map Maker Data Map Map User

Emphasis on Cartographic Representation The principal task of cartography is to communicate environmental information. The emphasis on cartographic representation is map effectiveness in thought and communication. This is best achieved by treating the making and using of maps equally.

Spatial and Non-Spatial Disciplines Intergration Cartography

Conclusion Cartography is a complex discipline that has a rich and varied history It is intergrated part of geography The root and the guidance for all spatial technologies Is and art involving design and also a science due to representation of the earth (or another planet) visual and non-visual attributes

General Reference Map

Map of Central Istanbul

General Reference Map??

What is the purpose of maps? General Reference Show spatial patterns (Cloropleth, Dot maps, Graduated Symbols, animation, etc.) for data

Cloropleth (thematic) map

Steps for Communicating Map Informatıon 1. Consider what the real-world distribution of the phenomena might look like. 2. Determine the purpose for making the map 3. Collect data appropriate for the map purpose 4. Construct the map 5. Determine whether users find the map useful and informative Source: Slocum, Terry A. Thematic Cartography and Visualization, 1999.

Animated Map (Expansion of Ottoman Empire)