Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation Chapter 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation Pancreatic Cancer Cell http://www.webmd.com/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/slideshow-pancreatic-cancer-overview

Tumors Benign Cancerous Remain in one location Single, well-defined mass May be surrounded by connective tissue Cancerous Abnormal cell structure; may appear undifferentiated May spread Edge of tumor not clearly defined

Malignant Tumor Development Cancer 1 Cancer 2 Figure 18.2

Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell Functions Dysplasia Abnormal change in cell structure In situ cancer Malignant tumor in only one place Metastases Secondary, malignant tumors at other locations

How Cancer Develops Mutated or damaged genes Proto-oncogenes Normal regulatory genes Promote cell growth, differentiation, division, and adhesion Oncogenes Mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, and adhesion P53  prevents damaged or stressed cells from dividing P53 may be turned off, damaged, or mutated in cancers p53

Factors Contributing to Cancer Viruses and bacteria HPV Hepatitis B and C HIV Helicobacter pylori Chemicals in the environment Tobacco Radiation Dietary factors Animal fats, red meat  increase risk Fruits and veggies  decrease risk Internal Factors Free Radicals  antioxidants (Vitamins A, C, and E)

Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection Tumor imaging X-rays, PET, MRI Genetic testing  controversial Identify mutated genes Privacy and treatment issues Enzyme tests for cancer markers Telomerase activity Screening large numbers of people

Cancer Treatments Conventional treatments Delivery mechanisms Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Delivery mechanisms Coated metal beads Light-sensitive drugs

Cancer Treatments Immunotherapy Starving cancers Molecular treatments Promotes the immune response Starving cancers Inhibits angiogenesis Molecular treatments Target oncogenes Nanotechnology

Ten Most Common Cancers Table 18.3

Most Common Cancers Skin cancer Three major types Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/contexts/you_me_and_uv/sci_media/images/basal_cell_carcinoma http://www.aurorahealthcare.org/healthgate/images/si55551327.jpg http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/1707.htm

Most Common Cancers ABCD for detection of skin cancer http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic.asp?hwid=aa78799

Most Common Cancers Lung cancer Smoking is the leading risk factor Early detection is the best chance for survival 1 year survival for all stages is 41% 5 year survival is 15%

Most Common Cancers Cancer of the uterus Breast cancer Prostate cancer Includes cervical cancer and cancer of the endometrium Breast cancer Early detection is crucial for survival Prostate cancer Most common after age 50 Grows extremely slowly  5 year survival rate is 99%

Most Common Cancers Cancer of the colon or rectum Leukemia Tests can detect them early Leukemia Chemotherapy often effective

Most Cancers Are Preventable Know family history Get regular medical screenings Learn self-examination techniques Avoid direct sunlight 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., sunlamps, and tanning salons Watch diet and weight Don’t smoke Drink in moderation, if at all Be informed