By now, you should know that all cells require energy, which they get by burning glucose. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

But why do cells need energy? Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

Energy The ability to do work or cause change.

Cells require energy for active transport. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

Cells require energy to make protein such as antibodies Cells require energy to make protein such as antibodies. This is why you need to eat when you’re sick. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

Cells require energy to grow or repair injury, because in both cases cells must divide. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

All energy on Earth originates as light energy from the Sun, but this energy is transformed by living things. How do cells get energy? Only plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are called autotrophs, AKA producers. Most, but not all of them, use sunlight to produce food.

How Energy is Transformed by Living Things Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use)

How Energy is Transformed by Living Things Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy Chloro. Mito. (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use)

Living things are classified as either autotrophs or heterotrophs, depending on how they transform energy. Only plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are called autotrophs, AKA producers. Most, but not all of them, use sunlight to produce food.

Autotroph Self Feed Organism that can transform light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.

How Energy is Transformed by Living Things AUTOTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy Chloro. Mito. (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use)

Autotrophs Ex: plants, green protists

Some prokaryotes are autotrophs (cyanobacteria). Blue-green Some prokaryotes are autotrophs (cyanobacteria).

Eukaryotic Autotrophs Prokaryotic Autotroph Plant Green protist Green protist Cyano-bacteria (multi) (uni)

Unlike autotrophs, heterotrophs CANNOT transform light energy into chemical energy. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

Heterotroph Organism that obtains chemical energy by eating.

How Energy is Transformed by Living Things HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy Chloro. Mito. (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use)

Ex: animals, fungi, non-green protists. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

(a form of energy cells can use) Both autotrophs and heterotrophs must perform cellular respiration to obtain ATP energy. HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy Chloro. Mito. (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use) Only plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are called autotrophs, AKA producers. Most, but not all of them, use sunlight to produce food.

(a form of energy cells can use) What, exactly, is ATP? HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy Chloro. Mito. (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use)

ATP P P P ATP Tri phosphate: 3 phosphate groups. A small energy-storing molecule that cells use to do work.

Ex: ATP powers the protein pumps in active transport. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

= ATP contains less energy than glucose. Chemical energy = food or fuel. Both food and fuel are composed of molecules. What holds the atoms in each molecule together? Energy. Therefore, food and food contain chemical energy. When the chemical energy is released, it can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. Through friction, kinetic energy is converted into each. Remember: along the way, the energy is used up. There is no energy cycle. Heat cannot be converted back into food or fuel.

Diagram of an ATP Molecule Three Phosphate Groups Draw in notes: Diagram of an ATP Molecule Adenine Three Phosphate Groups P P P Tri phosphate: 3 phosphate groups. Ribose A: adenosine T: tri P: phosphate

Why do cells have to transform chemical energy into ATP energy? HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP Energy Chloro. Mito. (sunlight) (glucose) (a form of energy cells can use)

Cells can’t use glucose to power cellular activities because it is too big and contains too much energy. What do the lines represent? Energy bonds. What happened to the molecule to release the chemical energy? Bonds were broken.

When cells have work to do, they transform glucose into ATP by burning it. What do the lines represent? Energy bonds. What happened to the molecule to release the chemical energy? Bonds were broken.

The energy of ATP is stored in the bonds between phosphate groups. Adenine 3 Phosphate Groups P P P Stored Energy Di phosphate: 2 phosphate groups Ribose

When the bond between phosphate groups is broken, energy is released When the bond between phosphate groups is broken, energy is released. The cell can use this energy to do work, such as active transport. Adenine Phosphate Groups Energy P P P ATP ADP ATP Di phosphate: 2 phosphate groups Ribose

The release of energy changes ATP into ADP. Adenine Phosphate Groups P P ADP Di phosphate: 2 phosphate groups Ribose

ADP P P Di phosphate: 2 phosphate groups Similar to ATP, but with only 2 phosphate groups. Adenosine diphosphate.

Because it has fewer bonds, ADP has less energy than ATP. Adenine Phosphate Groups ATP P P P Ribose Adenine Di phosphate: 2 phosphate groups Phosphate Groups ADP P P Ribose

P P P ATP ATP P P ADP Adenine Phosphate Groups Ribose Adenine Di phosphate: 2 phosphate groups P P ADP Ribose

Like a battery, ADP can be re-charged. More bonds in the tail = more energy

ADP turns back into ATP when it adds a third phosphate group to its tail. This process absorbs energy. Adenine Phosphate Groups Energy P P P ADP ATP More bonds in the tail = more energy Ribose