EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES Goran Sporiš

ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE A formal body of knowledge discovered, developed, and disseminated through scholarly research and inquiry

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE What is the meaning of each of these? A body of knowledge A conceptual framework Scholarly procedures and methods of inquiry Both the process of discovery and the end result Describe the research process.

THE RESEARCH PROCESS http://scholar.google.com/ Identify the topics, themes, concepts, terms, or keywords (broadly, then narrowly as appropriate) — one may use a search engine like Google to begin but do not use this exclusively http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&btnG=Google+Search When using web sites, you must differentiate between scholarly, professional organizations, governmental, wikis, plogs, commercial, etc. http://scholar.google.com/ http://www.acsm.org//AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home_Pa ge http://www.nih.gov/ http://www.caate.net/ Format of information — books; professional (peer reviewed) journalistic articles; popular articles; other Databases http://www.lib.ku.edu/ Sport Discus http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search?vid=1&hid=13&sid= 5867a1ea-5009-42d8-901f-3d63d462d726%40SRCSM1

NATURAL, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Numerous disciplines provide the content and methods of scientific inquiry used by researchers in the exercise and sport sciences Anatomy Biochemistry Biology Chemistry History Philosophy Physics Physiology Psychology Sociology

Exercise and Sport Sciences Physiology Athletic Training Motor Development Motor Control and Motor Learning Sport Biomechanics Sport and Psychology Sociology Management Philosophy History

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY The study of the causes and consequences of bodily functioning and changes occurring due to physical activity Based on an understanding of the anatomic and physiological bases of human movement Investigates the biochemical reactions that supply muscles with energy Examines changes in the cardiovascular system and other physiological parameters

ATHLETIC TRAINING The study and application of the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries Design and help implement conditioning programs Assess injuries and needs for immediate first aid Provide preventive taping and treatment modalities Work with physicians to help athletes regain their abilities to perform

MOTOR LEARNING The study of the internal processes associated with movement or repetitive actions that result in changes in response or performance Important to the learning of motor skills are Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and skills Transfer of learning Involvement of cognitive processes Types of practice sessions Feedback Building on the neuro-muscular pathways learned through motor control, motor learning adds the knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal practice methods

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT The maturation and changes in motor behavior throughout life and the factors that affect them Performance of motor skills is influenced by genetic, environmental, and developmental factors Throughout life, individuals progress from unskilled movements to the learning of complex motor patterns Perceptual-motor skills are especially important to the learning of sport skills

SPORT BIOMECHANICS The study of the effects of anatomical and physiological effects of natural laws and internal and external forces acting on the human body during movement Factors that influence human movement include Force of muscular contractions Flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of muscles Composition of muscle fibers Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of support Transfer of momentum Force absorption Leverage Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration, energy, mass, power, torque, and velocity

SPORT HISTORY The descriptive and analytical examination of significant people, events, organizations, and trends that shaped the past Descriptive history explains Events Individuals’ contributions Pivotal happenings Analytical history explains The significance of historical occurrences Interpretations within the societal context

SPORT MANAGEMENT The study of the theoretical and applied aspects of leading, planning, organizing, staffing, funding, and conducting sporting events Includes these management functions: planning, organizing, directing, and evaluating Involves business components of marketing, accounting, economics, finance, and the law

SPORT PHILOSOPHY The study of the beliefs and values of humans as displayed within sport and an analysis of their meaning and significance Examines the beautiful and ugly and the good and bad in sport Seeks an understanding of how and why people play and engage in sport

SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY The study of human behavior in sport, including an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill performance Includes a study of the theories of learning, importance of reinforcement, and linkages of perceptual and motor factors Involves an understanding of achievement motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality development

SPORT SOCIOLOGY The study of a sport as a social phenomenon and an examination of the social structures, processes, and groups within the sporting context Seeking to understand why people play and how their involvement with sports influences them Examines concepts such as social mobility, class and gender stratification, racial and ethnic discrimination, team dynamics, and social consciousness and values

EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES QUIZ Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies oxygen utilization during cardio-respiratory exercise and metabolic responses to exercise and training? Which of the exercise and sport sciences describes and analyzes the past? Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies how people learn skills, especially through practice and feedback? Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies how sport impacts on social units, processes, and institutions? Which of the exercise and sport sciences analyzes the impact of motion, force, and energy on sport performance?

EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES QUIZ Which of the exercise and sport sciences analyzes the developmental patterns associated with movement and skill performance? Which of the exercise and sport sciences uses extensive knowledge of the body to help athletes stay injury free and return to competition safely? Which of the exercise and sport sciences seeks to understand why people act as they do based on their values? Which of the exercise and sport sciences involves providing sports products and conducting sporting events? Which of the exercise and sport sciences uses various mental coping strategies to aid sports performances?

TECHNOLOGY Incorporates the use of computer software as a tool to achieve physical education, exercise science, and sport goals — Name several examples Exercise and sport scientists use technology hardware and software to help in the analysis of human movement, to measure the effectiveness of exercise programs on bodily functions, and for data collection and analysis. Databases with the help of search engines provide online access to professional journals and other information.

HUMANITIES Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of movement, such as through art, literature, and music Art includes various forms of dance and sculptures and frescos of athletes and human movement. Literature can include sports biographies as well as analytical critiques about sport and physical activity. Music can accompany human movement to enrich the experience.