The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on GOES-R Tim Schmit NOAA/NESDIS/STAR (formerly ORA) Advanced Satellite Products Branch (ASPB) Madison, WI W. Paul Menzel, James Gurka, Mathew M. Gunshor and many others 2nd Annual AMS Symposium Future National Operational Environmental Satellites Wednesday, Feb 1, 2006 UW-Madison

Overview Overview ABI Select Products Possible scan scenarios Fixed Grid Format Summary More information

Limitations of Current GOES Imagers Regional/Hemispheric scan conflicts Low spatial resolution Missing spectral bands Eclipse and related outages GOES-N/O/P addresses one of the major imager limitations. GOES-R addresses the first 3 limitations, while GOES-N addresses the data outage issues.

GOES-R Observational Requirements Aerosol Detection Aerosol Particle Size Suspended Matter Volcanic Ash Aircraft Icing Threat Cloud & Moisture Imagery Cloud Imagery Cloud Layers / Heights & Thickness Cloud Particle Size Distribution Cloud Base Height Cloud Ice Water Path Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Optical Depth Cloud Top Phase Cloud Top Height Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Type Cloud Top Temperature Enhanced "V"/Overshooting Top Detection Hurricane Intensity Convection Initiation Imagery: All-Weather / Day - Night Lightning Detection Low Cloud & Fog Turbulence Visibility Geomagnetic Field Derived Stability Indices Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile Rainfall Potential Dust/Aerosol Probability of Rainfall Rainfall Rate Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile Capping Inversion Information Moisture Flux Total Precipitable Water Total Water Content Pressure Profile Downward Solar Insolation CO Concentration Upward Longwave Radiation Ozone Total Downward Longwave Radiation Radiances Absorbed Shortwave Radiation Reflected Solar Insolation Fire / Hot Spot Imagery Flood / Standing Water Microburst Wind Speed Potential Derived Motion Winds SO2 Detection Land Surface (Skin) Temperature Clear Sky Masks Surface Emissivity Surface Albedo Vegetation Fraction Vegetation Index Sea & Lake Ice / Displacement & Direction Sea & Lake Ice / Age Sea & Lake Ice / Concentration Sea & Lake Ice / Extent & Characterization Sea & Lake Ice / Surface Temp Currents Ocean Color Ocean Optical Properties Ocean Turbidity Sea & Lake Ice / Extent & Edge Sea & Lake Ice / Motion Sea & Lake Ice / Thickness Ice Cover / Landlocked Snow Cover Snow Depth Sea Surface Temps Energetic Heavy Ions Solar & Galactic Protons Solar Flux: EUV Mag Electrons & Protons: Low Energy Solar Flux: X-Ray Mag Electrons & Protons: Med & High Energy Solar Imagery: X-Ray https://osd.goes.noaa.gov/final_ref_doc.php ABI – Advanced Baseline Imager HES – Hyperspectral Environmental Suite SEISS – Space Env. In-Situ Suite SIS – Solar Instrument Suite GLM – GOES Lightning Mapper Magnetometer

Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) ITT Industries has been selected to build the ABIs Completed a successful System Preliminary Design Review (December 2005) “Notional Architecture” ITT selected for GOES-R through GOES-U Full Disk with stepped-edge

The Advanced Baseline Imager: ABI Current Spectral Coverage 16 bands 5 bands Spatial resolution 0.64 mm Visible 0.5 km Approx. 1 km Other Visible/near-IR 1.0 km n/a Bands (>2 mm) 2 km Approx. 4 km Spatial coverage Full disk 4 per hour Every 3 hours CONUS 12 per hour ~4 per hour Mesoscale Every 30 sec n/a Visible (reflective bands) On-orbit calibration Yes No

Approximate spectral and spatial resolutions of US GOES Imagers ~ Band Center (um) GOES-6/7 GOES-8/11 GOES-12/N GOES-O/P GOES-R+ 0.47 0.64 0.86 1.6 1.38 2.2 3.9 6.2 6.5/6.7/7 14km 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.35 11.2 12.3 13.3 Visible Near-IR Box sizes represent detector sizes 8 4 2 0.40 inches = 4km; 0.80 inches = 8km MSI is Multi-Spectral Imaging Mode (dashed boxes) This does not show other improvements: SNR, MTF, bit-depth, navigation, coverage rates, etc. “MSI mode” Infrared

ABI Visible/Near-IR Bands Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096.

ABI IR Bands Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096.

ABI Noise and Max Temp Spec

Navigation Specifications

Visible and near-IR channels on the ABI Snow, Phase Part. size Cirrus Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. Haze Clouds Veg. The ABI visible and near-IR bands have many uses.

Schmit, T. J. , M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. While there are differences, there are also many similarities for the spectral bands on MET-8 and the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). Both the MET-8 and ABI have many more bands than the current operational imagers.

Three-color composite (0. 64, 1 Three-color composite (0.64, 1.6 and 11 µm) shows the low cloud over the snow and the water versus ice clouds. Low cloud Snow

One day after the Mt. Cleveland eruption Volcanic Ash Plume: 11-12 and 8.5-11 μm images One day after the Mt. Cleveland eruption 20 February 2001, 8:45 UTC UW/CIMSS Simulated ABI (11-12 μm) Simulated ABI (8.5-11 μm) Poster…Ellrod

GOES-R ABI will detect SO2 plumes Water Vapor Band Difference convolved from AIRS data sees SO2 plume from Montserrat Island, West Indies SO2 Plume Current GOES Imager No skill in monitoring Current GOES can detect an ash cloud. Image on Right from: Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. Current GOES Imager can not detect SO2 ABI 7.34 μm – 13.3 μm

Simulations of Southern California Fires GOES-R and GOES-I/M Simulations of Southern California Fires GOES-12 Simulated 3.9 micron Data Padua/Grand Prix Fires Date: 27-Oct-03 Time: 09:50 UTC GOES-R Simulated 3.9 micron Data Padua/Grand Prix Fires Date: 27-Oct-03 Time: 09:50 UTC MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of fires in Southern California in October 2003 were used to simulate current GOES Imager and future GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) fire monitoring capabilities. These simulations demonstrate that enhanced ABI spatial and radiometric performance will allow for improved sub-pixel fire detection and characterization of fire dynamics. From Elaine Prins and all Brightness Temperature (K) 12

Mountain Waves in WV channel (6.7 µm) 7 April 2000, 1815 UTC Simulated ABI Actual GOES-8 Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. Mountain waves over Colorado and New Mexico were induced by strong northwesterly flow associated with a pair of upper-tropospheric jet streaks moving across the elevated terrain of the southern and central Rocky Mountains. The mountain waves appear more well-defined over Colorado; in fact, several aircraft reported moderate to severe turbulence over that region. Both images are shown in GOES projection. UW/CIMSS

“ABI”

GOES

5 March 2001 - Nocturnal Fog/Stratus Over the Northern Plains Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. “ABI” 4 minus 11 μm Difference ABI image (from MODIS) shows greater detail in structure of fog.

5 March 2001 - Nocturnal Fog/Stratus Over the Northern Plains Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. GOES-10 4 minus 11 μm Difference ABI image (from MODIS) shows greater detail in structure of fog.

Proxy data demonstration MSG/SEVIRI data used Similar bands on the ABI Improved (compared to current GOES) temporal and spatial resolutions Dust product demonstration included Additional simulations will be part of the AWG (Algorithm Working Group) effort

Aerosol/Dust Optical Thickness Retrieval Using ABI Results from SEVIRI@EUMETSAT

Using MODIS, MET-8 and AIRS to simulate the spectral bands on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) April 11, 2004 Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096.

Similar bands on the GOES-12 Imager April 11, 2004

Aerosols Vegetation Cirrus Clouds Snow Particle size Upper-level SO2 Using MODIS, MET-8 and AIRS to simulate the spectral bands on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) “0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m” “1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m” “6.95m” “7.34m” “0.47m” “8.5m” “9.61m” “10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m” Aerosols Vegetation Cirrus Clouds Snow Particle size Upper-level SO2 Cloud phase Total Ozone Water Vapor April 11, 2004 Schmit, T. J., M. M. Gunshor, W. P. Menzel, J. J. Gurka, J. Li, and A. S. Bachmeier, 2005: Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1079-1096. Surface features Low-level Moisture

Current GOES scans 5 times slower than the ABI There are two anticipated scan modes for the ABI: - Full disk images every 15 minutes + CONUS images every 5 minutes + mesoscale. or - Full disk every 5 minutes.

Approx. size of CONUS ABI can offer Continental US images every 5 minutes for routine monitoring of a wide range of events (storms, dust, volcanoes, fires, hurricanes, etc). This is only every 15 or 30 minutes with the current GOES the routine mode.

Approx. size of CONUS

“Franklin” Approx. size of meso-scale showing “Franklin”. Mesoscale images every 30 seconds for rapidly changing phenomena (thunderstorms, hurricanes, fires, etc). Current GOES can not offer these rapid scans while still scanning other important regions

Draft GOES-R 3-hour schedule for the ABI MSS = Mesoscale Scans from the ABI CONUS = Continental US FD = Full imaging disk scan For a one telescope solution to HES, scanning utilizing ABI may be invoked as listed here. Recall that ABI can provide a 15 minute full disk, 5 minute CONUSs, and 30 minutes mesoscales or it can observe 5 minute full disks exclusively. This is a combination of mode 3 (“Flex” and mode 4 “Continuous Full Disk”).

Fixed Grid Format The distributed, calibrated and navigationally corrected image data will be rectified [re-grid] to a fixed grid. The grid is defined relative to an ideal geostationary satellite viewpoint centered and fixed above the equator. The image pixels will have an angular separation in both the East/West and North/South directions of: 14 microradians (0.5 km) in the 0.64 micron channel, 28 microradians (1 km) in the 0.47, 0.86 and 1.61 um channel, 56 microradians (2 km) in all other channels. This concept is similar to EUMETSAT images.

Summary The great amount of information from the GOES-R ABI will offer a continuation of current products and services. These products, based on validated requirements, will cover a wide range of phenomena. This includes applications relating to: weather, ocean, land, climate, and hazards. The ABI improves over the current GOES Imager the spectral, temporal, spatial and radiometric performance. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), along with the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on GOES-R will enable much improved monitoring compared to current capabilities.

More information -- ABI AMS BAMS article by Schmit et al. from August 2005 ABI Research Home page: http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/abi/ NOAA GOES-R page: https://osd.goes.noaa.gov/ GOES and MODIS Galleries: http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/interesting_images.html http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/~gumley/modis_gallery/ ABI Documentation from NASA: http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/abihome.htm ABI Simulated Spectral Response functions: ftp://ftp.ssec.wisc.edu/ABI/SRF