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Why classify things? Say you go to the mall to get some new clothes. Where would you go? How would you know to go to that particular store?

How is a mall organized? Food Court Big Department Stores Specialty Clothing Stores Jewelry Stores Electronics Stores Shoe Stores Toy Stores Kiosks

Can you imagine if the mall was just one big store and you had to go through rows and rows of “stuff” to find the right clothes in the right brand and the right size for you? How long would that take?

Big Idea: The mall, your city, your school, and your closet (hopefully) are all organized so that you and other people can get things done without wasting extra time and effort. Scientists also organize or classify things so that they are easier to investigate and understand.

What is classification? Classification: putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

Here are some things that scientists classify or organize: The elements The human body Interactions in Ecosystems

Scientists also Classify Living Organisms Cats, dogs, mammals, pets, friends……… How could you classify these living things?

Quick, organize these living things into groups:

Did you do it like this? These are grouped by color: Blue, red or red and blue

Are there any other ways to group these living things? Or this? These are grouped by type of organisms: Fish, butterfly or bird This is probably a more meaningful way to group these for scientific purposes than the previous slide’s grouping by color. Are there any other ways to group these living things?

Binomial Nomenclature Developed by Carolus Linnaeus Swedish Biologist 1700’s Two-name system Genus and species named using Latin or Greek words

Rules used to write scientific names Homo sapiens An organism’s genus is always written first; the organism’s species is always written second The genus is Capitalized; the species is written in lower case Scientific names of organisms are always italicized or underlined

Scientific Names Examples Scientific names can tell you a something about the organism: its size, where it is found, color, who discovered it EXAMPLES: Acer rubrum Red maple Felis domesticus house cat Lepus californicus Jack rabbit (that lives in CA) Sequoia gigantea Giant sequoia tree Strigiphilus garylarsoni Chewing louse found on owls named after a famous cartoonist

Same Genus Different Species Felis domesticus Lepus americanus Felis concolour Lepus californicus

Acer rubrum Red Maple Acer saccharinum Silver Maple

Modern Taxonomy The Evidence used to classify into taxon groups   1) Embryology   2) Chromosomes / DNA   3) Biochemistry   4) Physiology   5) Evolution   6) Behavior

How to remember?? DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS DASHING KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GREAT SPAGHETTI DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

The most basic classification system is based on Domains and Kingdoms The most basic classification system is based on Domains and Kingdoms. Organisms are classified into Domains or Kingdoms based on these characteristics: 1. Whether they are unicellular or multicellular 2. Whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic (See pg. 8O) 3. Whether they have a cell wall or cell membrane 4. Whether they have membrane bound organelles 5. Whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic 6. Whether they reproduce sexually or asexually 7. How they tolerate heat, salt, or other extreme conditions See Vocabulary Activity in this Module.

Nucleus and Organelles Terminology: prokaryotes - lack membrane bound nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Nucleus and Organelles

Terminology: eukaryotes – have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Basic Classification Domains: Archaea There are three Domains of living organisms based on their characteristics: Archaea (also called Archaebacteria) Eubacteria (also called Bacteria) Eukaryota (also called Eukarya) Eubacteria Eukaryota

Basic Classification Kingdoms: The Domains can also be split into Kingdoms which further divide the organisms by their characteristics.

“Archaea” means “ancient” bacteria. Organisms in Archaea are: Domain Archaea Aerial view of hot spring at Yellowstone “Archaea” means “ancient” bacteria. Organisms in Archaea are: Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Organisms that reproduce asexually Bacteria that have adapted to extreme environments. Some can survive in extremely hot environments, like around hot springs and geysers. They are called thermophiles. Some can survive in extremely salty environments, like The Great Salt Lake in Utah. They are called halophiles. The Domain Archaea has one Kingdom, also called Archaea

This hot spring is flowing into the Firehole River in Yellowstone This hot spring is flowing into the Firehole River in Yellowstone. The colors are caused by different varieties of archaebacteria and other microscopic life forms. Scientists can distinguish temperatures of water by the colors present.

Domain Eubacteria “Eu” means “true” bacteria. They are: Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Organisms that reproduce asexually The most abundant organisms on earth. One bacterium can give rise to 10 million in 24 hours. Found in almost every habitat on earth. The Domain Eubacteria has one Kingdom, also called Eubacteria. Many are common infectious agents.

This is a picture of bacteria on the skin This is a picture of bacteria on the skin. Bacteria can be shaped like a sphere (cocci) like this picture, like a rod, or like a spiral. The structure in the middle of this picture is a hair follicle with a hair growing out of it.

Nucleus and Organelles Terminology: The Domains Archaea and Eubacteria are commonly grouped together in discussion and called prokaryotes because they lack membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Nucleus and Organelles

Domain Eukaryota (Eukarya) Eukaryotic Very diverse Unicellular or multicellular Autotrophic or heterotrophic Reproduce sexually or asexually Can be split into 4 Kingdoms- Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

The 4 Kingdoms in Eukaryota Protista Mostly unicellular and microscopic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Can be infectious agents Examples: Amoeba Algae Daphnia Plasmodium (causes malaria) Plantae Multicellular green plants Autotrophic through photosynthesis Have a cell wall Mosses Ferns Trees Flowering Plants Fungi Multicellular Heterotrophic Decomposers Mushrooms Athlete’s foot Bread Mold Animalia Multicellular Animals No Cell Wall Insects Spiders Crabs Birds Humans

Classification of Living Things Are Viruses Alive? http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html http://cvr.bio.uci.edu/downloads/Scientific_Amer.pdf Are Prions Alive? http://scitechstory.com/2009/12/31/prions-not-alive-but-they-can-evolve/

Think Break: Where do Viruses fit in this classification system? Are Viruses Alive? http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html http://cvr.bio.uci.edu/downloads/Scientific_Amer.pdf Are Prions Alive? http://scitechstory.com/2009/12/31/prions-not-alive-but-they-can-evolve/

How would you classify these? A organism that can exist in extremely hot temperatures and that is made of only one cell with no nucleus Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Archaea A green organism growing from the ground that is multicellular and that undergoes photosynthesis; its cells have nuclei and cell walls Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae

Try two more: This microscopic and one-celled organism lives in colonies with millions of others like it. It does not have a nucleus and cannot survive in extreme conditions. It could be an infectious agent. Domain: Eubacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria This organism is a multicellular decomposer; its cells have nuclei. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi

Classification Systems Can Change! Can you guess why? Classification systems change as new organisms are discovered and as more information is gained about known living organisms. Science is a “work in progress” and things change as new evidence is found. There is a great amount of debate over the current classification system, especially the classification of the types of bacteria and whether viruses are alive or not.

Using the Classification System Field guides help identify organisms. -they highlight differences between similar organisms (like trees) Taxonomic Key (Dichotomous Key) -paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of different organisms

Dichotomous Key 1a Fruits occur singly ................................................. Go to 3 1b Fruits occur in clusters of two or more ................ Go to 2 2a Fruits are round ................................................... Grapes 2b Fruits are elongate ............................................... Bananas 3a Thick skin that separates easily from flesh .........Oranges 3b Thin skin that adheres to flesh .............................. Go to 4 4a More than one seed per fruit ............................ Apples 4b One seed per fruit ............................................ Go to 5 5a Skin covered with fuzz.................... Peaches 5b Skin smooth, without fuzz........................... Plums

Which one would you choose? Why? Even though classification is not an exact science, it is a part of almost every aspect of our lives. This is an example of classifying by personal preference which all students have experience with. Which one would you choose? Why?