Chapter One Introduction: The Context for Assessment in Schools and Current Assessment Practices.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
What Every Principal Needs to Know About Special Education
Advertisements

New Eligibility and Individualized Educational Program (IEP) Forms 2007 Illinois State Board of Education June 2007.
ACCOMMODATIONS MANUAL
Policies, Practices, and Programs
IDEA and NCLB Accountability and Instruction for Students with Disabilities SCDN Presentation 9/06 Candace Shyer.
1 The History of Special Education Law Yell / The Law and Special Education, Second Edition Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Legal and Ethical Issues
Legal and Ethical Issues
Exceptionality and Special Education
Minnesota Manual of Accommodations for Students with Disabilities Training Guide
Identification, Assessment, and Evaluation
Assessment of Special Education Students
Parent and Family Presentation Project
ELIGIBILITY PROCEDURES FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES Chapter Seventeen.
Special Education Review & Update for Regular Educators.
The process of assessment: the role of the teacher Chapter 1 ~~~~~
Chapter 15 Current Concerns and Future Challenges.
Inclusion or Mainstreaming Jenn Combest and Liz Raymer.
The 411 on IEPs and Section 504s Claudia Otto, Ph.D. Oklahoma Department of Career & Technology Education March 10, 2015.
Special Education in the United States Susie Fahey and Mario Martinez.
Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
ED 315 Inclusive Practices for Students w/ Learning Problems.
Response to Intervention. Background Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 Changes to align with No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Allows districts.
Getting Oriented to Exceptionality and Special Education There is no single accepted theory of normal development, so relatively few definite statements.
Title, Edition ISBN © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition ISBN X.
Specific Learning Disability: Accurate, Defensible, & Compliant Identification Mississippi Department of Education.
Strategies for Teaching Learners with Special Needs (Ninth Edition) By Edward A. Polloway James R. Patton Loretta Serna.
Constitutionally based court findings have set precedents for the rights of all students to be educated in the General Education classroom. “Least Restrictive.
Assessment in Early Childhood Legislation. Legislation for Young Children The need for measurement strategies and tests to evaluate federal programs led.
Welcome to COU 660: Assessment & Evaluation in Counseling Introductory Material Ethical & Legal Issues.
Welcome to the “Special Education Tour”.  Specifically designed instruction  At no cost to parents  To meet the unique needs of a child with disabilities.
Module 1, Unit 3, Transparency #1 Assisting Students with Disabilities: A Training Program for Paraeducators Module 1, Unit 3: Legal & Ethical Issues.
Teaching Students with Special Needs in General Education Classrooms, 8e Lewis/Doorlag ISBN: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Educable Mental Retardation as a Disability: Accurate, Defensible, & Compliant Identification Mississippi Department of Education.
Individualized Education Plan (IEP) GOALS: Provide an understanding of your role as well as other professionals involved. Demystify the basic workings.
Blended Practices for Teaching Young Children in Inclusive Settings Jennifer Grisham-Brown, Ed.D. Mary Louise Hemmeter, Ph.D.
Chapter Two Policies, Practices, and Programs. Key Special Education Court Cases  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)  PARC v. Commonwealth.
CONTEXT AND RESPONSIBILITIES Special Education. Legislation for the education of children with Special Needs US: Federal legislation (IDEA) Canada: Provincial.
Your Exceptional Child Kaily Osborne. We will cover… IDEA IEP Inclusion RTI.
Assessing Learners with Special Needs: An Applied Approach, 6e © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: An Introduction To Assessing.
Special Education in the Gen Ed Classroom
Minnesota Manual of Accommodations for Students with Disabilities Training January 2010.
Exceptionality and Special Education
Rights of Students with Disabilities A “history of neglect” 1928—Soldier’s Rehabilitation Act 1920—Smith-Bankhead Act Brown v. Board.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Adapted Physical Education and Sport 1 Introduction to Adapted Physical Education and Sport Joseph P. Winnick C H A P T E R.
Colorado Accommodation Manual Part I Section I Guidance Section II Five-Step Process Welcome! Colorado Department of Education Exceptional Student Services.
Specific Learning Disability: Accurate, Defensible, & Compliant Identification Mississippi Department of Education.
Teacher Roles and Responsibilities in the IEP Process Amanda Strong Hilsmier EDUC 559.
“All kids get to go to school and get a fair chance to learn. That’s the idea behind IDEA. Getting a fair chance to learn, for kids with disabilities,
Transportation for special Education
Identifying and Serving Students with Behavior Problems
Accommodations in testing: Law, policy and practice
American Institutes for Research
Exceptionalities Guideline
Understanding the Section 504 Process
CHAPTER 6: WORKING WITH FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILIES
Chapter 3: Legal, Ethical, and Diversity Foundations and Perspectives in Assessment ONLINE MODULE.
Referral and Identification for Special Education: RTI Tier Three
Verification Guidelines for Children with Disabilities
Understanding the Section 504 Process
Identifying and Serving Students with Behavior Problems
Identification of Children with Specific Learning Disabilities
Assessing Students with Special Needs
Chapter 1 Special Education Assessment.
Chapter 31 Special Education Services
Current Practices for Meeting the Needs of Exceptional Learners
Exceptionality and Special Education
Parent-Teacher Partnerships for Student Success
Chapter 8 (key issues for Special Education)
Identification of Children with Specific Learning Disabilities
Presentation transcript:

Chapter One Introduction: The Context for Assessment in Schools and Current Assessment Practices

Assessment Assessment refers to the gathering of information to help an individual make decisions. Monitoring student progress involves comparing a student’s performance to predetermined expectations of performance (charted as an aim line). For students not meeting expectations, interventions are designed, implemented, and evaluated. Assessment is not synonymous with testing. Unlike assessment, a test is a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior.

Assessment Assessment refers to the gathering of information to help an individual make decisions. Monitoring student progress involves comparing a student’s performance to predetermined expectations of performance (charted as an aim line). For students not meeting expectations, interventions are designed, implemented, and evaluated. Assessment is not synonymous with testing. Unlike assessment, a test is a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior.

Educational, historical events and philosophical movements frame the discipline of assessment. United States- 20th Century China- 2000 BC Individual Differences 1859-Origin of the Species, Charles Darwin Much of the major developments in testing occurred in this century, many in the United States. However, testing’s origins date back to China which had a relatively sophisticated civil service testing program more than 4000 years ago. Oral tests were administered every three years to determine evaluations and make promotional decisions. The Western world most likely learned about testing from the Chinese. The most basic concept underlying testing is the notion of individual differences. No two snowflakes are alike, similarly fingerprints, and of course individuals. But quantifying these differences was another matter. Darwin described the survival of the fittest. According to Darwin, higher levels of life arose because of individual differences, the result of more successful adaptation to one’s environment.

Hebart- Mathematical models. Weber- Psychological threshold. 1883-Sir Francis Galton attempted to begin to quantify these differences. 1890 US psychologist James Catell coined the term mental test, and extended the work of Galton. Hebart- Mathematical models. Weber- Psychological threshold. Psychological testing developed from these two lines of inquiry. He set out to show that some individuals possessed characteristics that made them more fit than others. His worked concentrated on sensory and motor functioning. Hebart used mathematical models to unlock the mysteries of human consciousness. Weber attempted to demonstrate the existence of a psychological threshold- the minimum stimulus needed to activate a sensory system.

Educational, historical events and philosophical movements frame the discipline of assessment. United States- 20th Century China- 2000 BC Individual Differences 1859-Origin of the Species, Charles Darwin Much of the major developments in testing occurred in this century, many in the United States. However, testing’s origins date back to China which had a relatively sophisticated civil service testing program more than 4000 years ago. Oral tests were administered every three years to determine evaluations and make promotional decisions. The Western world most likely learned about testing from the Chinese. The most basic concept underlying testing is the notion of individual differences. No two snowflakes are alike, similarly fingerprints, and of course individuals. But quantifying these differences was another matter. Darwin described the survival of the fittest. According to Darwin, higher levels of life arose because of individual differences, the result of more successful adaptation to one’s environment.

Hebart- Mathematical models. Weber- Psychological threshold. 1883-Sir Francis Galton attempted to begin to quantify these differences. 1890 US psychologist James Catell coined the term mental test, and extended the work of Galton. Hebart- Mathematical models. Weber- Psychological threshold. Psychological testing developed from these two lines of inquiry. He set out to show that some individuals possessed characteristics that made them more fit than others. His worked concentrated on sensory and motor functioning. Hebart used mathematical models to unlock the mysteries of human consciousness. Weber attempted to demonstrate the existence of a psychological threshold- the minimum stimulus needed to activate a sensory system.

Introduction Student diversity Expectations for schools Excellence & equity Role of assessment

Assessment Defined Assessment: a process of collecting data for the purpose of making decisions about students or schools. Uses for assessment information

The Importance of Assessment in School and Society Assessment affects everybody Reactions to positive assessment outcomes Reactions to negative assessment outcomes

Types of Assessment Decisions Made by Educators Discrepancies– Expectation v. Performance Decisions Made Using Assessment Information

Assessment Decisions, cont. Screening Decisions: Are There Unrecognized Problems? Progress Monitoring Decisions: Is the Student Making Adequate Progress? Monitoring Progress Toward Individual Goals Monitoring Progress Toward State Standards

Assessment Decisions, cont. Instructional Planning and Modification Decisions: What Can We Do to Enhance Competence and Build Capacity, and How Can We Do It? What to teach How to teach it What expectations are realistic

Assessment Decisions, cont. Resource Allocation Decisions: Are Additional Resources Necessary? Increased services for students Change and increased capacity for schools

Assessment Decisions, cont. Eligibility for Special Education Services Decisions: Is the Student Eligible for Special Education and Related Services? Students must have: Diagnosed disabilities Need for special education services to achieve educational outcomes

Assessment Decisions, cont. Program Evaluation: Are Instructional Programs Effective? Comparing approaches Accountability Decisions: Does What We Do Lead to Desired Outcomes? NCLB AYP

Important Things to Think About as You Read and Study This Textbook The Type of Decision Determines the Type of Information Needed Focus on Alterable Behaviors

Important Things, cont. Assess Instruction Before Assessing Learners Assessing Instruction Instructional Challenge Instructional Environment Classroom Management Learning Management Assessing Learners

Important Things, cont. Assessment Is Broader Than Testing Observations Recollections Tests Professional Judgments Assessments Have Consequences Concerns of the General Public Concerns of Certification Boards

Important Things, cont. Not All Assessments Are Equal Tests are samples of behavior Reliability & validity Assessment Practices Are Dynamic

Important Considerations as You Prepare to Learn About Assessment in Special and Inclusive Education in Today’s School Why Learn About Assessment? Good News: Significant Improvements in Assessment Have Happened and Continue to Happen.

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Assessment Chapter Two Legal and Ethical Considerations in Assessment

Introduction Our current practice of assessment has been significantly affected by: Federal laws IEPs Performance reports Court rulings Professional standards & ethics ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Laws Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Employment of people with disabilities Education of people with disabilities Used to get services for students with conditions not listed in the disabilities education legislation ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Laws, cont. Major Assessment Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act The Individualized Education Program Provisions A specification of individual goals, procedures for delivering the instructional program, & procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of the program Multidisciplinary child study team Parental approval for the IEP ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Laws, cont. Assessment Provisions of IDEA cont. Protection in Evaluation Procedures Provisions Fair, equitable, & nondiscriminatory testing Least Restrictive Appropriate Environment That setting on the “cascade of alternatives” most nearly like the regular class The least restrictive setting in which the student can be successful Due Process Provisions Rights of parents & guardians ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Cascade of Alternative Placements (Often called “Deno’s Cascade”) ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Note on Least Restrictive Environment The right to placement in the regular class or in that setting most like the regular class The child is to be placed in that environment in which s/he can be successful. Dual concept of placement in that setting closest to regular class and in which the student can be successful ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Laws, cont. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 States set educational standards & objectives Annual testing for grade 3-8 Parents have option to transfer students out of failing schools K-3 reading interventions Evidence-based instruction Accountable for all students ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Laws, cont. 2004 Reauthorization of IDEA Implications for assessment of students with disabilities New alternative assessment approaches may be used to decide whether students are learning disabled Significant discrepancy between ability & achievement Failure to respond to evidence-based interventions ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Ethical Considerations Beneficence Always practice in the best interests of the students (do no harm). Recognition of the Boundaries of Professional Competence Respect for the Dignity of Persons Privacy and Confidentiality of Information Fairness and Nondiscrimination in Assessment ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Ethical Considerations, cont. Adherence to Professional Standards on Assessment Test Security ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.