Mid-Term Review Day 1

Topic 1: Nature of Science Science vs. Pseudoscience – science is supported with lots of evidence. Pseudo = fake science Parts of experimental design Independent variable = factor that is being tested (manipulated) Dependent variable = factor that is the result of test (measured) Constants = factors that stay the same in the design Control group = test group with no independent variable, compare results to this

3. Steps of scientific method 4. Two types of data

Topic 2: Basics of chemistry Describe parts of an atom = protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative Define polar and non-polar molecules = polar have two differently charged sides, non-polar have one overall charge. (these two things don’t mix) Types of bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen) = Ionic – electrons are gained or lost. Covalent – electrons are shared. Hydrogen – attraction among different charged sides of molecules

Topic 3: Properties of Water (caused by _____ ) 8. Cohesion = water sticks to water 9. Adhesion = water sticks to other substances 10. High specific heat = takes a lot of energy for water temp to change 11. Expands when frozen = hydrogen bonds space out during the freezing process (helps water act as an insulator)

Topic 4: Macromolecules (carbon based molecules) 12. Monomer vs. polymer = mono- one molecules, poly – many molecules. Monomers make up polymers 13. Carbohydrates = main energy molecule. Simple version = sugar, complex versions = starches. Made of monosaccharides 14. Proteins = mostly structures in body/cells. Made of amino acids 15. Lipids = mostly energy storage and structure. Made of no true monomer 16. Nucleic acids = used for DNA and RNA. Made up of nucleotides

Topic 5: Chemical Reactions 17. Reactants = things that form/break apart 18. Products = the results of the reaction

Topic 6: Enzymes 19. Catalysts and enzymes = both work to speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy 20. Lock and key model = When substrates have to fit on the enzyme in particular ways to work correctly. Shape = function 21. Activation energy = amount of energy required for reaction to take place 22. What affects enzyme activity? The amount pH, temperate, concentration of the enzyme

End of Day 1