Your Adjectivy-Verby Friend Participles Your Adjectivy-Verby Friend

Perfect Participles Last time we looked at present participles. Identified by 3rd declension endings (-ns, -ntem, etc.) Always translated as ‘– ing’. Always active (doing something). This time we will be looking at the perfect participle.

Perfect participles are always passive. They have been something-ed They are verbs with the endings of nouns. This is why it is so important to know the endings of simple verbs like puella, servus and mercator. Like present participles, they have to agree with whatever they are referring to. They agree in terms of: Case (Nominative, Accusative, etc.) Number (Singular or Plural) Gender (Masculine, Feminine or Neuter)

For the millionth time… Case Girl (feminine) Slave (masculine) Temple (neuter) Singular Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

For the millionth time… Case Girl (feminine) Slave (masculine) Temple (neuter) Singular Plural Nominative puella puellae servus servi templum templa Accusative puellam puellas servum servos Genitive puellarum servorum templi templorum Dative puellis servo servis templo templis Ablative

If you know those, then it’s simple… Perfect participles take the fourth principle part and use the endings from the table we have just looked at. porto, portare, portavi, portatum Present Tense Infinitive Perfect Tense Supine Depending on which case, number and gender is needed, an ending is taken to agree with whatever the participle is referring to.

The perfect participle is literally translated as ‘having been ______ed’ portatus = ‘having been carried’ (this is masc., sing., nom.) tractos = ‘having been dragged’ (this is masc., pl., acc.) You can clean it up in English if you want, to make it sound less clumsy. ‘the bread having been toasted’ ‘the wine having been poisoned’ ‘the toasted bread’ ‘the poisoned wine’

In the following sentences, identify the participle and what it is agreeing with. ancilla laudata ad forum ambulavit. imperator lacrimavit propter milites interfectos. senex templum deletum viderat. soror mercatoris liberati laetissima erat. epistulam dedi nuntio vocato.

With the following words, identify the meaning (having been ____ed) and the C/N/G of each: laudatus scriptos occisas portatae aedificatum capto ducti tractarum visa vocatos

The challenge… If you have a perfect participle of a deponent verb (one that looks passive but is active), then it is active in meaning. For example: locutus (from loquor) = having spoken secutus (from sequor) = having followed profectus (from proficiscor) = having set out Try these: senex, haec verba locutus, e villa discessit. regina, milites hortata, ad urbem contendit.