The Roman Empire Section 3 John 3:16 8/1/2018

Main Idea The “Pax Romana” brought order and peace to the Roman empire John 3:16 8/1/2018

Terms to Define Aqueduct: artificial channels for carrying water John 3:16 8/1/2018

People to Meet Augustus Tiberius Claudius Nero Marcus Aurelius Galen Ptolemy Virgil Livy John 3:16 8/1/2018

Places to Locate Appian Way John 3:16 8/1/2018

The First Emperors Octavian, later known as Augustus, claimed to support the republic but actually laid the foundation for a new state called the Roman empire John 3:16 8/1/2018

Augustus Caesar Augustus was made consul, tribune, and commander in chief for life in 27 B.C. Gave himself the title of Augustus—or “Majestic One” John 3:16 8/1/2018

Augustus Caesar Forty years of reign—27 B.C. to 14 Rebuilt Rome Patron of the arts John 3:16 8/1/2018

Augustus Caesar Proconsuls could not exploit the provinces Official tax collectors Grain imported from Africa so all could eat New/repaired roads Magnificent buildings built John 3:16 8/1/2018

Augustus Caesar Pax Romana—Roman peace--began 31 B.C. Lasted 200 years Some disturbances with new emperors Augustus failed to write law on selection of new emperors John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Julian Emperors Emperors ruling A.D. 14 to 68 were called Julians— each related to Julius caesar Each showed early promise then great faults Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Julian Emperors--Tiberius Augustus’s adopted son Accused innocent people of treason No significant achievements John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Julian Emperors--Caligula Tiberius’ grand nephew Became mentally disturbed and was killed by a palace guard A.D. 41 John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Julian Emperors--Claudius Caligula’s uncle Renowned scholar, but unable to focus of matters of state as he got older John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Julian Emperors--Nero Claudius’ stepson Cruel, probably insane Bankrupted Rome to pay for his pleasures—horse racing and music John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Julian Emperors--Nero Suspecting others of plotting against him— today’s--killed many senators, his wife, and his mother Senate sentenced him to death for treason Committed suicide John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors Known as effective administrators and support of large building projects Senate selected them—beginning A.D. 96 -Nerva -Trajan -Hadrian -Antonius Pius -Marcus Aurelius John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors--Trajan Increased the empire to greatest size The Roman Empire was never larger than under Trajan’s rule John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors--Hadrian Strengthen Rome’s military position Built Hadrian’s Wall John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors--Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall stretched 73 miles across England to help protect that frontier from invaders John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors—Antoninus Pius Maintained the Empires prosperity John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors—Marcus Aurelius Brought the Empire to height of economic prosperity John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Good Emperors—Marcus Aurelius Good emperors lived with stoic philosophy “Every moment think steadily as a Roman and a human being how to do what you have in hand with perfect and simple dignity” John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Rule Augustus set the standard Augustus chose professional governors rather than letting the Senate appoint inexperienced proconsuls every year John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Rule In some provinces, Augustus let local kings rule conquered lands Built roads--mobility Personally inspected provinces John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Rule Augustus served as pontifex maximus Chief priest of Rome He and each emperor became head of a national, unifying religion John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Law At first, the Romans established two legal systems (two laws) “ Jus gentium”: law that dealt with non-citizens, “jus civile” or citizen law John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Law By early A.D. 200s, all free males in the empire were made full citizens of Rome Two laws became one. John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Law Romans stressed the authority of state over the individual Individual rights stressed, however: e.g., the right of accused innocent until proven guilty John 3:16 8/1/2018

The Law The Roman system of law formed the basis for legal systems of many Western nations and the Christian Church John 3:16 8/1/2018

An Imperial Army Augustus and successors maintained the army, but reduced number of legions By A.D. 160, invasions by outsiders was problem John 3:16 8/1/2018

An Imperial Army Reductions due to “peaceful conditions” 300,000 troops not enough to maintain 4,000 mile border Question: Does the lack of conflict mean nations are at peace? John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Civilization Stability of “Pax Romana”, 31 B.C. to A.D. 180, boosted trade, raised living standards, and made achievements “…every country is open to commerce…” Turtullian--author John 3:16 8/1/2018

Life During the Pax Romana More people became moderately well off but, the majority of people were still poor Most Romans lived in flimsy wooden apartment buildings of six or seven stories that readily collapsed or caught fire John 3:16 8/1/2018

Life During the Pax Romana Despite trying conditions, the poor did not rebel, because the government offered both free bread and free entertainment: “bread and circuses” John 3:16 8/1/2018

Life During the Pax Romana The family became less significant Romans had fewer children and were likely to divorce and remarry several times Question: Can you draw an analogy of the Romans and the Americans? John 3:16 8/1/2018

Public Amusements The poor did not rebel against the government because it offered them free bread and entertainment Appeasing the people John 3:16 8/1/2018

Public Amusements Circus Maximus—an arena holding 150,000 people By A.D. 160, Romans were celebrating holidays 130 days a year John 3:16 8/1/2018

Architecture, Engineering, and Science Many impressive buildings Circus Maximus Colosseuem Pantheon—temple to the gods Used concrete—new material John 3:16 8/1/2018

Architecture, Engineering, and Science Roads Appian Way 50,000 miles of total roads linking provinces Aqueducts John 3:16 8/1/2018

Architecture, Engineering, and Science Use of Etruscan arch and dome to build aqueducts Greek columns supported porches build around the city John 3:16 8/1/2018

Architecture, Engineering, and Science Romans adapting Used Greek physician Galen’s ideas to form their medicine Used Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy’s ideas for astronomy John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Education Greek slaves taught young men and women in homes Wealthy young men-academies Wealthy young women-home Lower classes-basic knowledge of reading, writing, and arithmetic John 3:16 8/1/2018

Language and literature Latin—official language Smaller alphabet than Greeks Official language of Europe until A.D.1500s Basis of romance languages Italian French Spanish Portuguese Romanian Also, root words for half of English words John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Literary Masters Achieved elegance and power Cicero—senator—famous elegant speeches Ovid—wrote “Metamorphoses”—about Greek mythology John 3:16 8/1/2018

Roman Literary Masters Horace—Odes—about shortness of life and importance of companionship Virgil—Aeneid--epic poem Livy—monumental history of Rome Tacitus—Germania—contrasted robust life of the Germans with the weak and pleasure-loving life of the Romans John 3:16 8/1/2018