GOOS: The role of OceanGliders in the framework. GOOS Secretariat A. Fischer, K. Hill, M. Telszewski, A. Palacz, W. Appeltans, P. Miloslavich Distributed project office (IOC/UNESCO, WMO, IOPAN, U. Tas) OceanGliders ST GOOS is sponsored by three UN organizations, IOC of UNESCO, WMO, UNEP; and ICSU, the International Council for Science. The secretariat is headquartered at the IOC/UNESCO in Paris france, but now builds on a distributed project office of contributions in Oostende Belgium, Geneva Switzerland, Sopot Poland, and Hobart Australia, along with the JCOMMOPS technical coordination office in Brest France.

Explain the relationship between the sponsors and the three operational programmes to which OOPC is linked (WCRP is there as well)

Ocean observations for societal benefit Climate, services, ocean health GOOS is now focused on delivery for three major areas: climate, operational ocean services, and the broad area of sustaining ocean health and ecosystem services (a new area for GOOS).

Input (Requirements) Output (Data & Products) Process (Observations) GOOS Framework for Ocean Observing A simple system Input (Requirements) Output (Data & Products) Process (Observations) Much of GOOS is now oriented around the Framework for Ocean Observing, which emerged from the OceanObs’09 conference. We wanted to take a complex system: the ocean observing system built up of research and some operational effort, in situ and satellite observing networks measuring different variables, new technological developments, data streams, and products — and apply systems thinking. This starts with a simple model of the system, which has an input in the form of requirements, a process in the form of observing networks, and an output in data and products that then feeds a scientific or societal benefit, the source of the requirements.

Structure of the Framework Issues (Scientific and societal drivers) Requirement What to Measure Essential Ocean Variables … Satellite Constellation Argo SOOP … This model of the framework is derived from where we are now. We have a large part of our observing system (in purple, made up of different observing units/networks) that is built and driven by our climate observing requirements (in orange). These requirements are currently expressed in GCOS plans as requirements on different Essential Climate Variables which we’ve generalized in the framework as Essential Ocean Variables. The GCOS implementation plan is written as a report to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change which has adopted it, and through this process we have buy-in from Parties (nations) from across the world for this observing system. The requirements are looked after by the OOPC which is also a part of the GOOS structure. Different observing units or networks measure different Essential Ocean Variables and contribute to different data streams and products (in green). Argo is an important one here. These products then help inform climate research and societal decisions about climate – and these drivers are what help originally set and refine requirements (arrows) in an important feedback loop to keep the observing system ‘fit for purpose’. The current model helped feed our vision for moving forward from 2010. There are two arrows in the feedback loop: the outer loop at the highest level with feedback from decision-makers about how information from the ocean has impacted their decision, which can then modify the questions asked of the observing system; and an inner loop that allows ocean observers to look at the fitness for purpose of data products and make assessments there Data Assembly VOS Issues Impact Data/Info. Products … Satellite OceanSITES IMOS … IOOS … … … Observations Deployment and Maintenance … …

We cannot measure everything, nor do we need to Driven by requirements, negotiated with feasibility Essential Ocean Variables We cannot measure everything, nor do we need to basis for including new elements of the system, for expressing requirements at a high level Driven by requirements, negotiated with feasibility Allows for innovation in the observing system over time A key idea in the Framework is the definition of Essential Ocean Variables, which some overlap with other types of essential variables that have been defined, such as Essential Climate Variables defined by GOOS and GCOS, Essential Variables defined by WMO for weather forecasting, and Essential Biodiversity Variables that are being defined by GEOBON (although largely focused on terrestrial variables). The idea is that for the key societal and scientific drivers of sustained ocean observations, we cannot measure everything, nor do we need to. Essential Ocean Variables should respond to these high-level drivers, related to climate, to understanding and managing ecosystem services, to conserving biodiversity, to managing living marine resources, to safety and protection of life and property at sea and on the coasts. Aligning the coordination processes of the observing system on variables, rather than by platforms or observing techniques, stays truer to the natural system which we are trying to observe, while allowing for innovation of observing techniques over time as technology and capability develop. The definition of an EOV must be driven by these requirements, but be rooted in reality, its measurement must be feasible. We may not be ready to measure all EOVs, but this assessing and encouraging the development of readiness is also a part of the Framework.

Mature Pilot Concept Increasing Readiness Levels Towards sustained system: requirements, observations, data management Readiness Mature Attributes: Products of the global ocean observing system are well understood, documented, consistently available, and of societal benefit. Pilot Attributes: Planning, negotiating, testing, and approval within appropriate local, regional, global arenas. Increasing Readiness Levels Concept The readiness levels are in fact an idea that has been with us on the physical side for a couple of decades, the precursor of OOPC (OODSP) spent a lot of time examining the feasibility and impact of different observing systems, to see if they were ready for global sustained observations. We believe that many biogeochemical and biological variables also need global sustained observations, but perhaps the technologies and techniques are not yet ready for instant application globally. We need to increase the readiness of these observing networks so they drive towards being capable of global sustained observations delivering an important data product that has impact on science or society. If there is an ambition to run a regional pilot to build a future global system – this type of pull helps engage the research community, and they want to be engaged. For Argo, new sensors should be and are being trialed in pilot projects, to improve their readiness for deployment on more of the array. Attributes: Peer review of ideas and studies at science, engineering, and data management community level.

OOPC: Ocean Observations for Physics and Climate IOCCP: International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project JCOMM: Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology GOOS Regional Alliances Projects

EOVs and readiness level CONCEPT PILOT MATURE EOVs and readiness level CONCEPT PILOT MATURE *also ECV [sometimes aggregated] Physics SST* Subsurface temperature* SSS* Subsurface salinity* Surface currents* Subsurface currents* Sea State* Ocean surface stress* Sea Ice* Sea level* Heat flux* Biogeochemistry Oxygen* Inorganic macro nutrients* Carbonate system* Transient tracers* Suspended particulates Nitrous oxide* Carbon isotope (13C) Dissolved organic carbon Ocean colour* Biology and Ecosystems Phytoplankton* biomass and productivity Zooplankton* diversity Fish abundance and distribution Marine turtles, birds, mammals abundance and distribution Live coral cover* Seagrass cover* Mangrove cover* Macroalgal canopy cover* Specification sheets at: goosocean.org/eov May 2016

OOPC Focus Assess, review and prioritize requirements for EOVs and ECVs Work with JCOMM OCG and regional bodies to coordinate observing networks Review the status of and requirements for data and information management Develop a process for ongoing evaluation of the observing system Liaison and advocacy for agreed plans Report to sponsors OOPC work plan (2013-2018).

The JCOMM Observations Coordination Group is the

JCOMM OCG Focus Focus on technical coordination across the networks to improve observing system delivery, capitalising on synergies in areas of Responding to requirements Implementation (deployment/servicing logistics, ship resources, new technologies) Metrics (implementation, delivery, performance, risk). Standards and Best Practices Data Management and integration. JCOMM OCG work plan (2015-2020 )

GRAs want to be part of growing GOOS - more realistic for sub-groups of GRAs to work together on pilot projects

GRAs are embracing new networks (results from a 2013 self-Assessment of all GRAs) Ocean Gliders   X 7   Argo Floats Ships of Oppor- tunity Buoys Ocean Gliders Water Level Network Drifters Ocean Radar HF Radar Animal Tagging & Monitoring Water Quality Gauges Satellite Remote Sensing Ocean Acidification Sensors Black Sea GOOS X EuroGOOS GOOS Africa IMOS - IOCARIBE IOGOOS MONGOOS OCEATLAN PIGOOS SEAGOOS US IOOS 10/11 9 10 7 5 4 11 6

Bringing new networks into GOOS Where would you consider Gliders to be? Pilot or Concept?

OceanGliders: Status Currently ‘pilot’ (or concept?) activity See framework readiness (requirements, observations, data systems). Formation recognised by OOPC and OCG. Approved as new member of OCG by JCOMM Need to raise as component of GOOS at next GOOS SC ( or can discuss by email intersessionally?). Network Specification developed Secretariat aligning with EOVs Specs, phenomena. Defining missions (Boundary Currents, Storms/extreme events, Mixing and Convection)

OceanGliders: Next steps Network Design/Specification. Define Targets for missions (i.e. optimum strategy for measuring a W/EBC? How to determine frequency of occupation, number of gliders, etc? Role of Gliders in multiplatform mix?) Engagement priorities: Engage in evaluations and development projects Boundary Currents, OMZ, Phytoplankton projects, TPOS 2020, AtlantOS/Blueprint, IndOOS review Ensure engagement with GRAs using gliders EuroGOOS, IMOS, IOGOOS, MONGOOS, PIGOOS, SEAGOOS, US IOOS Data Management Fit for purpose Internationally agreed DM Practice to be developed, drawing on other networks (Argo, OceanSITES,

GOOS to dos Identify GOOS Networks on website Including Mature, Pilot, Concept status Articulate benefits/obligations as part of GOOS Clarify path(s) to becoming part of GOOS

GOOS Benefits and Obligations GOOS networks benefit from becoming an integral part of the international GOOS program, engaging in all of its technical, coordination, and best-practice activities.  Becoming a recognised observing element of GOOS/JCOMM with internationally agreed goals helps justify funding support nationally. For GOOS/JCOMM these networks will help bridge the gap in observations between the coast and the open ocean networks.   Principles of engagement: identifiable and cohesive set of (sustained) regional/global/technical activities that address one or more GOOS observing requirements. abide by a set of principles and policies (e.g. provision of data and metadata, adopting and utilizing standards, sharing experiences and best practices, routine updates on the state of the network), coordinate their activities with other GOOS networks, supporting common infrastructure, and engaging in GOOS activities for the advancement of the global ocean observing enterprise.  

Pathway to becoming part of GOOS/JCOMM (under development!) Who decides when a new network becomes part of GOOS?  JCOMM OCG? The GRAs? The GOOS Expert Panels? All of the above? If so, how does this work? What is the role of the GOOS SC?  One of GOOS Expert panels, GOOS Expert Panel, JCOMM OCG or GOOS Regional Forum are point of entry.   Works with the network to fill out a Network Specification sheet, Panel nominates the network to the chairs of the other 2 groups. Other panels provide feedback, forge links to relevant activities (i.e. OOPC observing system evaluations), etc. Once 3 Addition is proposed by lead panel to be 'rubber stamped' by GOOS SC/JCOMM MAN.

OceanObs’19 16-20 Sept 2019, Honolulu , oceanobs19.net Envisioning ~1200 participants Focus on connecting observers with end user community What does OceanGliders want to showcase in 2019? Contact: eric.j.lindstrom@nasa.gov, khill@wmo.int

Thank you