Super Computing By RIsaj t r S3 ece, roll 50

What is a Supercomputer? Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computer currently available. Super computers were designed and built to work on extremely large jobs that could not be handled by no other types of computing systems.

History of Supercomputers The history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s when a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by Seymour Cray to use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.  The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is generally considered the first supercomputer

CDC 6600

History of Supercomputers (cont’d) Cray then developed the CDC 7600 in 1970. Cray-1 supercomputers project started in 1972 and finished in 1974 and was twice as fast as the 7600 with a vector speed of 80 MFLOPS.

History of Supercomputers (cont’d) In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 the fastest supercomputer in the world at around 10 gigaflops

Measurement of Speed : Supercomputers speed are measured in floating point operations per second (FLOPS) in units of : megaflops (MFLOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) teraflops (TFLOPS)

Uses of supercomputers : Scientific simulations Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis of geological data Nuclear energy research Computational fluid dynamics Weather forecasting and meteorology Aerodynamic research Probabilistic analysis

Hardware   While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few processors, in the 1990s, machines with thousands of processors began to appear and by the end of the 20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with thousands of "off-the-shelf" processors were the norm. Supercomputers of the 21st century can use over 100,000 processors.

Operating System : Modern massively parallel supercomputers typically separate computations from other services by using multiple types of nodes, they usually run different operating systems on different nodes, e.g. using a small and efficient lightweight kernel on compute nodes, but a larger system such as a Linux-derivative on server and I/O nodes.

Architecture Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems

   Systems with a massive number of processors  use one of two paths: In first approach, e.g. in grid computing the processing power of a large number of computers in distributed, diverse administrative domains, is  used whenever a computer is available.

In another approach, a large number of processors are used in close proximity to each other, e.g. in a computer cluster. In such a centralized massively parallel system the speed and flexibility of the interconnect becomes very important and modern supercomputers have used various approaches ranging from enhanced Infiniband systems to three-dimensional torus interconnects.

What do you mean by Cluster Computers Cluster computers are two or more computers working parallel to achieve greater performances. Cluster computers breakup work among the computers in the cluster.

Cluster Computers (cont’d) Each computer in the cluster is a cpu itself with its own processor, memory, and disk. The computers communicate with each other via an interconnecting bus.

What are Multi-Processor Computers A multi-processor computer has 2 or more cpus. Each processor is capable of running different program simultaneously (true multitasking).

Multi-Processor (cont’d) The cpus all shared the other parts of the computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc. Cpu communicate via memory and the system bus. Cheaper than cluster computers but does not perform as well.

   From top 500 supercomputers the 3 top ranked  supercomputers are:- RANK NO.1:-Sunway-TaihuLight RANK NO.2:-Tianhe 2 RANK NO.3:-Oak Ridge Laboratories TITAN

2009-2010 World’s Fastest SuperComputer:      Oak  Ridge ‘Jaguar’

About Jaguar : SITE:-Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL’s) SYSTEM MODEL:-Cray XT5-HE COMPUTER:-Cray XT5-HE Operation Six Core 2.6GHz VENDOR:-Cray Inc. INSTALLATION YEAR:-2009 OPERATING SYSTEM:-Linux PROCESSOR:-AMD x86-64 Operation Six Core 2600MHz(10.4 Gflops)

FEATURES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER Cray XT computer system 2.595 petaflops peak theoretical performance 255,584 processing cores System memory: 362 terabytes Unmatched input/output bandwidth to read and write files: 284 gigabytes per second

ADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER High speed(1.759Petaflop) Greater performance. High data transfer rate(284gb/s) High system memory(362tb)

DISADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER Requires large  area. Very  costly($19.5 million). Required  more  electricity. Large  no. of  chips(37,376chips).

Supercomputers in India Some top ranked supercomputers are: HP Cluster Platform 3000 BL460c : Dual Intel Xeon 2.6 GHz eight core Performance : 303.9 TFLOPS HP and Wipro Heterogeneous Cluster Dual Intel Xeon E5530 quad core and Xeon E5645 hexa core CPUs, and dual Intel 448-core Performance : 188.7 TFLOPS

Intel Xeon (Tigerton) 2.93 GHz Quad core processor IBM cluster : IBM P6 4.7 GHz sixteen dual-core processor Performance : 45.84 TFLOPS PARAM cluster : Intel Xeon (Tigerton) 2.93 GHz                Quad core processor    Performance : 38.1 TFLOPS

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