Power & Subjugation In the Islamic Middle East Then and Now Leo A. Gher, Professor Emeritus Southern Illinois University

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now Training professional broadcasters in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, among others: Al-Jazeera TV Egyptian Radio & TV Arab Radio and TV Jordan Television Consultant to U.A.E. & ART television satellite networks

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now East & West … Muslim & Christian Leo & Conrad training media professionals class at Helwan Employees or soon-to-be employees of Orbit, MBC, Egyptian R-TV Union, ART, MBC and Al-Jazeera

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now September 11, 2001

… the higgledy-piggledy torchbearer NOW? Where do we stand? Leo … the higgledy-piggledy torchbearer

… the higgledy-piggledy torchbearer A Tinderbox… and Failure of Policy Leo … the higgledy-piggledy torchbearer

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now TERRORISM is SPREADING US State Department Report (2017), number of foreign terrorist groups has increased from 28 in 2002… to 44 in 2009… to 61 today!

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now In fact, Terrorist Incidents are on the Upswing! Source: START – Global Terrorism Data

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now Terrorist attacks are mostly centralized, occurring in five countries: Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Syria Source: START – Global Terrorism Data

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now WORLDWIDE REFUGEE CRISES People displaced is the highest since World War II Currently, 65 million people are refugees 12 million Syrians have been forced from homes

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now European Union asylum seekers by age, 2000-2016

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now So, what has happened? Arab Spring | Syrian collapse | Rise of ISIS Fall of the elected government in Egypt Authoritarianism in Turkey and Shrinking influence of Pax Americana The West is held responsible!

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now United Nations Report revealed… 70% increase in civilian casualties from American airstrikes! in Afghanistan during the first six months of 2017

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now In Yemen… coalition bombings have yielded similar results.

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now Identified… daily USA bomb debris

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now Democracy declines by 29.6% - 2000 to 2016

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now Authoritarian regimes have broadened control over legislatures… Have taken over most political institutions Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in Egypt Recep Erdogan in Turkey Nouri Abusahmain in Lybia Vladimir Putin in Russia Viktor Orban in Hungary Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela

Nation-states that are actual democracies today Civilizations Nation-states that are actual democracies today

Islamic Middle East – Then & Now a failure of policy… Why?

… eager guide – higgledy-piggledy torchbearer As you have seen and witnessed, the Islamic World has changed noticeably in the last quarter-century! What NOW? Why? What’s next? Leo … eager guide – higgledy-piggledy torchbearer

Rise to POWER ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION THROUGH TIME 1) Muhammad Times (570-632 CE) 2) Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE) 3) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) 4) Abbasid Caliphate (751-1258 CE) 5) Ottoman Empire (1453-1918 CE)

Rise to POWER * Medina * Mecca Under Muhammad

Rise to POWER * Medina * Mecca Rashidun Caliphate * Mecca

Rise to POWER Umayyad Caliphate

Rise to POWER Abbasid Caliphate

Rise to POWER Ottoman Empire

Fall to SUBJUGATION ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION THROUGH RECENT TIME Post-WW I Collapse (1918-1948 CE) The surviving Islamic Caliphate – the Ottoman Empire – fell with other “Central Powers” to a new world order Allied Powers – notably England, France, and Russia – constructed “modern” nation-states out the old Islamic civilization Including (eventually) a Jewish state, Israel

Fall to SUBJUGATION 1918-1948: in the Middle East 1918 – Middle East theater of World War I (5 million deaths) 1924 – Druze War (Druze and Alawite States) 1936 – British forces occupy Egypt (to protect the Suez Canal) 1937 – Dersim Rebellion (Kurds; 70,000 deaths) 1941 – Iraqi coup leads to the British invasion of Iraq 1941 – Allied invasion of Syria–Lebanon 1941 – Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1941 – Operation Crusader | British vs. German in North Africa 1942 – Battle of El Alamein 1942 – Occupation of Persian Corridor 1943 – Allied forces invade Tunisia

Fall to SUBJUGATION ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION THROUGH RECENT TIME Post-WW II Intervention (1949-1988 CE) 1947 – Arab–Israeli conflict (80,000 deaths) 1947 – United Nations plan to partition Palestine 1948 – Zionist leadership declared the State of Israel 1949 – Nakba: 800,000 Palestinians fled Israel 1953 – USA/British coupe installs Pahlavi in Iran 1956 – Suez War 1967 – Six-Day War 1973 – Yom Kippur War 1978 – Russia invades Afghanistan 1982 – Lebanon War 1988 – Iraq-Iran War (1,150,000 deaths)

Treaty of Sèvres, 1920, acts on Sykes-Picot Drawing lines in the sand…

Fall to SUBJUGATION ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION – A “NOW TIME” LOOK 1989 to present – War on Terrorism/War on Islam 1989 – Russia withdraws from Afghanistan… 1990 – USA leads forces into the Gulf War 1992 – ME accepts Islamism, promoted by Iran’s Shia clerics and by the powerful Wahhabist sect of Saudi Arabia 1998 – U.S. embassy bombings/USS Cole bombing 2001 – September 11 attack in New York 2001 – Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan 2002 – Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines 2003 – Iraq War begins (500,000+ deaths) 2011 – Syrian War begins (470,000 deaths/11 million refugees) Present day – ISIS crisis