4.2 Mutations

Gene Mutation Gene mutation is the change in the order of the A,G,C,T bases in a gene These altered genes can have a positive, negative or no effect on the organism

Types of Mutations Deletion- One base is missing The Gene should be ACTGCGT But instead is ACGCGT Addition- One extra base is added But instead is ACTGTCGT Substitution-One base is substituted for another But instead is ACGGCGT

X-Men How do the X-Men’s superpowers relate to mutation? The addition, deletion, or substitution let to different proteins being made Ex) Wolverine’s mutation of his DNA produced proteins that could rapidly repair broken cells

X-Men Mutations= Not Likely What do real mutations result in? Check out some real mutations

Snake?

Leaf?

Bee?

Wasp?

Camouflage

Camouflage

Poisonous?

Owl?

Would the following mutations be harmful, beneficial, or have no impact?

Would the following mutations be harmful, beneficial, or have no impact? This is the usual appearance of the pepper moth. It blends right in with its surroundings to avoid being eaten.

However, factories in an area polluted and the trees became a blackish color

Would the following mutations be harmful, beneficial, or have no impact? As a result of a mutation, a black version of the pepper moth is now better suited

Would the following mutations be harmful, beneficial, or have no impact?

Positive Mutation The mutation of a gene has a positive impact on the organism Ex) Mutated gene that creates a protein that prevents HIV from infecting the organism

Negative Mutation Small changes in certain genes have harmful effects on the organism Ex) Sickle cell anemia

Neutral Mutation The mutation has no impact on the organism Ex) Spirit Bear

Mutagens Substances or factors that cause mutation in DNA Ex) UV Light, x-rays, pollutants and other harmful chemicals

Correcting Mutations Gene Therapy- replace a mutated gene with a healthy copy Complicated and highly experimental

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations

Other Mutations Spider-tailed Viper- Iran

Other Mutations Squid Camo...4:24 Mimic Octopus

Other Mutations

Other Mutations Lyre Bird