AKS 35: Early African Civilizations Chapters 8 & 15

35a - identify the Bantu migration patterns and contribution to settled agriculture WARM-UP:

Causes of Migration Push-Pull Factors Push Factors Environmental Climate changes; exhausted resources; earthquakes; volcanoes; drought; famine Economic Unemployment; slavery Political Religious, ethnic, or political persecution; war

Causes of Migration Pull Factors Environmental Economic Political Abundant land; new resources; good climate Economic Employment opportunities Political Political and/or religious freedom

Effects of Migration Brings diverse cultures into contact Changes life in the new land

How Do We Trace Migration? One way is to study how language is spread Africa has many complex language families

Case-Study: Bantu Migrations Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara Bantu means “the people”

Case-Study: Bantu Migrations Started migrating south & east around 3,000 B.C. Lived by slash-and-burn farming & nomadic herding Slash-and-burn farming causes soil to lose its fertility quickly, forcing them to look for new locations every few years Shared skills, learned new customs, adapted to environment

Causes of Bantu Migrations Bantu speakers moved to find farmland As agriculture developed, this led to specialization and permanent villages in many areas To flee the growing Sahara Desert Needed iron ore resources & hardwood forests for iron smelting Within 1500 years, they reached the southern tip of Africa

Effects of Bantu Migrations Bantu speakers drove out some inhabitants, intermixed with others Bantu migrations produced a great variety of cultures Language helped unify the continent Technology of ironworking Forged tools & weapons from bronze, copper & iron Ideas about social & political organization

35b – describe the development and decline of the Sudanese kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) including the roles of Sundiata, and the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca WARM-UP:

Background: African Societies (800-1500) Hunter-Gatherers Semi-nomadic; lived by gathering wild foods & hunting animals The Efe were hunter-gatherers who traded with farming villages The San (aka Bushmen) lived in southern Africa and part of East Africa

Background: African Societies (800-1500) Stateless Societies No centralized power Power balanced among lineage groups, usually within villages Tiv had no formal gov’t Igbo resolved disputes by having elders from different lineages meet Nuer organized over 250,000 people without an official ruler

Background: African Societies (800-1500) Muslim States Two Groups: Almoravid Empire In 11th century, they controlled Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, and part of Spain Almohad Empire Beginning in the mid-1100s, they controlled Morocco, much of Maghrib, and part of Spain

Key to Trade: CAMELS Causes: Effects: Berbers began using camels because they could cover greater distances than pack animals (60 miles per day) Could travel more than 10 days without water (twice as long as most pack animals) Effects: Using camels, Berber nomads created new routes across the Sahara – trade increased

West Africa: Ghana Grew from Kumba tribe around A.D. 200 Used iron weapons to conquer neighbors Very wealthy due to surplus of gold and from taxing goods traders carried through their territory Ghana’s king was able to keep the price of gold high by limiting its supply Traded gold for salt (for meat preservation) Islam brought by traders; attacked by Muslim Almoravids in 1076 This disrupted the gold-salt trade that Ghana had controlled. Ghana never regained power.

West Africa: Mali Reached its peak from 1230-1337 How? Gold was discovered farther east, causing a shift eastward in trade routes The people of Mali, who lived in the region of the new trade routes, were able to seize power. Larger & richer than Ghana Capital: Timbuktu Mali = “where the king lives”

West Africa: Mali Sundiata Keita 1st great leader of Mali Took title of “mansa” – emperor Took over Ghana & a few trading cities – period of peace & prosperity followed Accomplishments: Put able administrators in charge of Mali’s finances, defense, & foreign affairs Promoted agriculture Re-established the gold-salt trade Died in 1255

West Africa: Mali Mansa Musa (1312-1332) Grandnephew of Sundiata, became a Muslim Expanded size of the empire Divided it into provinces & appointed governors Built mosques in Timbuktu & Gao Went on a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca in 1324 Gave away gold and jewels along the way to show Mali’s strength and wealth

West Africa: Songhai Began to grow as Mali declined Mali declined because: most of Mansa Musa’s successors did not govern well New gold deposits were developed and trade shifted eastward again Took over the trade routes from the Atlantic Ocean to Gao (capital)

West Africa: Songhai Sunni Ali Became leader of Songhai in 1464 Ruled for 30 years Expanded empire through his skill as a military commander and his aggressive leadership Conquered Timbuktu in 1468 Died in 1492

West Africa: Songhai Askia Muhammad Led revolt against the son of Sunni Ali and took over Ruled for 37 years Set up tax system and an efficient government He was overthrown in 1591 by the army from Morocco who had advanced technology (Guns and cannons)

35c – describe the trading networks by examining trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and slaves including the Swahili trading cities WARM-UP: Define: Swahili

Trade: Gold, Salt, & Slaves Gold-Salt Trade Gold  from West African forest region south of savanna between Niger & Senegal rivers Salt  from Sahara desert Merchants brought each back and forth between trading cities where they exchanged the goods

Trade: Gold, Salt, & Slaves Swahili Trading Cities Role of Monsoons: Traders took advantage of the monsoons to sail across Indian Ocean to East Africa Kilwa: This city was as far south as a ship from India could sail and still sail home during the same monsoon season Trade goods from the south had to funnel into Kilwa so Asian merchants could buy them – allowed Kilwa to become very wealthy

Trade: Gold, Salt, & Slaves Slave Trade Arab Muslim traders exported enslaved persons from East African coast to places like India, China, Iraq, Persia, & Arabia Numbers traded remained small (perhaps 1,000 a year) Did not increase dramatically until 1700s when Europeans started to buy captured Africans for their colonial plantations An Arab slave market in Yemen, A.D. 1237

35d – analyze the process of religious syncretism as a blending of traditional African beliefs (animism) with new ideas from Islam and Christianity WARM-UP:

What is religious syncretism? The blending of old beliefs with new ones Example: Blending Animism (traditional African belief) with Islam and Christianity

How did religious syncretism occur? Trade traders introduced Islam & Christianity  the growth of commerce caused the religions to spread How? As wealthy merchants & rulers did business with traders, they shared their religion as well Some held on to some of their traditional religious beliefs, but mixed their beliefs with aspects of Islam or Christianity that they liked Map on Next Slide 

Chart on Next Slide 

MAJOR TRADE NETWORKS