Chapter 13 section 2

Invaders Attack Western Europe Vikings Invade from the North Sailed from Scandinavia Known as Northmen or Norsemen Carried out their raids with swords and heavy wood shields Largest Viking ships carried 300 men

Growing Food Supply Expanding civilization = need for more food Switch to horse power Horses required better food but could do three times the work They began to use better harnesses that fit around the horses chest

Invaders Attack Western Europe Vikings Invade from the North (continued) Acted as warriors, traders, farmers and explorers Leif Ericson Viking explorer who reached North America 500 years before Columbus Vikings began accepting Christianity

Invaders Attack Western Europe Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Muslims Struck from the south Originally wanted to settle Europe, later decided to plunder (rob people) as well As a result of Magyar and Muslim attacks people began to look for protection from local rulers

Invaders Attack Western Europe Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Magyars Nomadic people from Hungary Invaded from the east on horseback around 800 Attacked villages and monasteries Took captives as slaves

A New Social Order: Feudalism Feudal System-A system of governing landholding based on rights and obligation Lord-Land Owner Fief-Land grant in exchange for military protection Vassal-Person receiving the fief

A New Social Order: Feudalism The Feudal Pyramid-

A New Social Order: Feudalism Social Classes- Three Groups Those who fought (knights, nobles) Those who prayed (Priests, Nuns ect.) Those who worked (peasants) Serfs-People who could not lawfully leave where they were born

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism Manor-The Lords Estate Lord would provide serfs with land and protection Serfs would work the land and maintain the estate Owed 2-3 days of work and a portion of their grain

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism Peasants on the manor- Rarely traveled more than 25 miles from the manor 15-30 families lived on the manor Produced crops, milk, cheese, fuel, cloth, leather goods and lumber Purchased salt, iron and millstones (used for grinding grain) Tithe-Church tax (10% of income) Also paid grain and marriage tax

Section 1-Church Reform and the Crusades

The Crusades Crusade- “Holy War” to gain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) Issued by Pope Urban II Goals of the Crusades- Religious, social, economic and political goals Regain Palestine, Jerusalem and reunite Christendom Others were looking for land of their own

The Crusades 1st and 2nd Crusade- 1st Crusade- 2nd Crusade- 12,000 men approached Jerusalem 1099-Crusaders capture the city 2nd Crusade- Organized to recapture Edessa 1187-Jerusalem fell to the Kurdish warrior Saladin Pope said “those who dies on crusade, have a place in heaven” Crusaders wore a red cross on their tunic and shouted “God wills it!”

The Crusades 1st and 2nd Crusade- 1st Crusade- 2nd Crusade- 12,000 men approached Jerusalem 1099-Crusaders capture the city 2nd Crusade- Organized to recapture Edessa 1187-Jerusalem fell to the Kurdish warrior Saladin Pope said “those who dies on crusade, have a place in heaven” Crusaders wore a red cross on their tunic and shouted “God wills it!”

The Crusades 3rd Crusade- Organized to recapture Jerusalem Led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs Philip II, Fredrick I, Richard the Lion-Hearted Philip went home, Fredrick drowned on the journey, so Richard was left alone 1192-Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce Muslims kept the holy city Christian pilgrims could enter freely

The Crusading Sprit Dwindles The Children’s Crusade 1212-Thousands of children set out to overtake Jerusalem Led by Stephen of Cloyes (12 Years old) 30,000 kids under 18 joined Believed God would give them Jerusalem Many died on the way, drowned or were sold into slavery

The Crusading Sprit Dwindles Spanish Crusades- Reconquista- Long fought effort to get the Moors (Muslims) out of Spain 1492-Granada fell to the Christian army Inquisition- Christian court used to suppress heresy Heretics- Someone who’s beliefs differed from the Church Suspects many be questioned for weeks or tortured Once they confessed they were often burned at the stake

The Effects of the Crusades Thousands left their homes and fought for the church Women managed affairs opened shops and inns Trade expanded between Europe and South West Asia Spices, fruit, cloth Failure of later Crusades weakened the power of the pope Muslims and Christians hated each other, Jews were persecuted

Growing Food Supply The Three-Field System- You divide your land into three parts Farm two parts and let one rest for a year Could now grow on 2/3 of the land instead of just ½ As food production increased population increased

Section 2-Changes in Medieval Society

Commercial Revolution Fairs and Trades- Merchants traded cloth, bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, knives Things no longer limited to what was produced on the manor Foreign goods now available

Section 4-The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague

The Bubonic Plague Strikes The Bubonic Plague- A deadly epidemic that killed about 1/3rd of Europe Origins and Impact of the Plague- Began in Asia and received its name the Black Death from the purplish black bumps on the skin Took four years to cross Europe Millions who caught it died

The Bubonic Plague Strikes Effects of the Plague- Population declined Trade declined Serfs left to find a better living Jews were blamed for the plague Church lost prestige when their prayers failed to stop the plague