The mandible It’s the bone of lower jaw. ramus of mandible angle of mandible Body of mandible It’s the bone of lower jaw. It’s the most inferior structure in the skull anterior view. It consists of: the body of mandible anteriorly. the ramus of mandible posteriorly. These meet posteriorly at the angle of mandible.

The mandible The mental protuberance is a projection at middline Mental foramen Oblique ridge The mental protuberance is a projection at middline where the two sides of the mandible meet. On each side mental foramen is visible, passing through it mental nerve & vessels. There is also oblique ridge for muscle attachment

The mandible On lateral view the superior part of the ramus extends Coronoid process Condylar process On lateral view the superior part of the ramus extends upwards to form a condylar and coronoid process . The condylar process is involved in articulation of the mandible with the temporal bone. The coronoid process is the point of attachment for the temporalis muscle

Fossa for submandibular The mandible Mylohyoid ridge Fossa for submandibular gland Fossa for sublingual gland On medial surface of mandible body: Submandibular fossa for submandibular S. gland Sublingual fossa for sublingual S. gland Mylohyoid ridge for mylohyoid muscle attachment.

Cervical vertebrae The seven cervical vertebrae form the bony framework of the neck. .

Cervical vrtebrae Typical Cervical vertebrae are characterized by: Small bodies. Bifid small spinous processes. Transverse processes that contain a foramen (foramen transversarium). Large triangular vertebral foramen. Superior articular processes facing backward & upward. Inferior articular processes facing forward & downward.

Cervical vrtebrae Together the foramina transversarium form a longitudinal passage on each side of the cervical spine for vertebral blood vessels (artery and veins) passing between the base of the neck and the cranial cavity.

Cervical vrtebrae Atypical Cervical vertebrae : The upper two cervical vertebrae (CI and CII) are modified for moving the head. The first cervical vrtebra (atlas): It has neither body or spinous process . It has anterior arch, posterior arch & a lateral mass on each side. Each lateral mass has articular surfaces on its upper & lower aspects.

Atlas articulating with Axis Cervical vrtebrae Atlas articulating with Axis The atlas artigulates superiorly with skull occipital condyles & inferiorly with the axis. The second cervical vrtebra (axis): It has odontoid process (dens) which projects upward from the superior surface of body. The seventh cervical vrtebra has long & not bifid spine