Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Deadliest European religious war … Devolves into political war … Hapsburg family vs. France
Peace of Augsburg (1555) Peace settlement between Charles V & German Lutheran princes. Rulers can choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.
Ferdinand II (1619-1637) King of Bohemia and Hungary, “Holy Roman Emperor” Violates “Peace of Augsburg” & the “Letter of Majesty.” Wants to force Catholicism on subjects.
Defenestration (1618) Literally means “thrown out a window.” Two Catholic representatives were “defenestrated” in Prague.
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) First stage of war – Battle of White Mountain & atrocities in Bohemia. Second stage of war – One Side … Sweden (leadership of Gustavus Adolphus) Protestant League France (Catholic) Dutch Republic Denmark (1625-1629) Vs. Second stage of war One Side … Holy Roman Empire Spain * Catholic League Poland * Austria Denmark (1643-45)
Catholic League Protestant League
Peace of Westphalia (1648) Significant!!!!! Ends … Establishes … (1) Recognize Peace of Augsburg (1555) Calvinism now recognized (2) Minority Christian groups may practice religion (3) Sovereignty within boundaries
- The “Sick Man of Europe” - Balance of Power - Crisis in the Balkans Situation in Europe, 1900
The Enlightenment Turn to pages 176 – 183 & take notes Thomas Hobbes & “Social Contract” … John Locke & “Natural Laws” … Montesquieu … Voltaire … Rousseau … Adam Smith …