Chapter # 1 Overview of Ethics INFS 452 – Computer Ethics & Society Chapter # 1 Overview of Ethics Ethics in information technology by George W. Reynolds Prepared by: Arfan Arshad

What is Ethics? Each society forms a set of rules that establishes the boundaries of generally accepted behavior. These rules are often expressed in statements about how people should behave, and they fit together to form the moral code by which a society lives. The term morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong those are so widely shared that they become the basis for an established consensus.

Definition of Ethics & other terms Ethics is a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Ethical behavior conforms to generally accepted norms—many of which are almost universal.   Virtues are habits that incline people to do what is acceptable. Vices are habits of unacceptable behavior.

The Difference Between Morals, Ethics, and Laws Morals are one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong. The term ethics describes standards or codes of behavior expected of an individual by a group (nation, organization, profession) to which an individual belongs.   Law is a system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do. Laws are enforced by a set of institutions (the police, courts, law-making bodies). Legal acts are acts that conform to the law. Moral acts conform to what an individual believes to be the right thing to do.

ETHICS IN THE BUSINESS WORLD Ethics has risen to the top of the business agenda because the risks associated with inappropriate behavior have increased, both in their likelihood and in their potential negative impact.

Why Fostering Good Business Ethics Is Important Organizations have at least five good reasons for promoting a work environment in which employees are encouraged to act ethically when making business decisions: 1. Gaining the good will of the community 2. Creating an organization that operates consistently 3. Fostering good business practices 4. Protecting the organization and its employees from legal action 5. Avoiding unfavorable publicity

Characteristics of a successful ethical program The Ethics Resource Center has defined the following characteristics of a successful ethics program:   Employees are willing to seek advice about ethics issues. Employees feel prepared to handle situations that could lead to misconduct. Employees are rewarded for ethical behavior. The organization does not reward success obtained through questionable means. Employees feel positively about their company.

Improving Corporate Ethics The risk of unethical behavior is increasing, so the improvement of business ethics is becoming more important. The following sections explain some of the actions corporations can take to improve business ethics. Appointing a Corporate Ethics Officer Ethical Standards Set by Board of Directors Establishing a Corporate Code of Ethics Conducting Social Audits Requiring Employees to Take Ethics Training Including Ethical Criteria in Employee Appraisals

Creating an Ethical Work Environment

Including Ethical Considerations in Decision Making

Four common approaches to ethical decision making Virtue Ethics Approach The virtue ethics approach to decision making focuses on how you should behave and think about relationships if you are concerned with your daily life in a community. Utilitarian Approach The utilitarian approach to ethical decision making states that you should choose the action or policy that has the best overall consequences for all people who are directly or indirectly affected. Fairness Approach The fairness approach focuses on how fairly actions and policies distribute benefits and burdens among people affected by the decision. The guiding principle of this approach is to treat all people the same. Common Good Approach The common good approach to decision making is based on a vision of society as a community whose members work together to achieve a common set of values and goals.

ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Here are some examples that raise public concern about the ethical use of information technology: Many employees might have their e-mail and Internet access monitored while at work, as employers struggle to balance their need to manage important company assets and work time with employees’ desire for privacy and self-direction. Millions of people have downloaded music and movies at no charge and in apparent violation of copyright laws at tremendous expense to the owners of those copyrights. Organizations contact millions of people worldwide through unsolicited e- mail (spam) as an extremely low-cost marketing approach. Hackers break into databases of financial and retail institutions to steal customer information, and then use it to commit identity theft—opening new accounts and charging purchases to unsuspecting victims. Students around the world have been caught downloading material from the Web and plagiarizing content for their term papers. Web sites plant cookies or spyware on visitors’ hard drives to track their online purchases and activities.

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