Biological Psychology: Methods

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Presentation transcript:

Biological Psychology: Methods

Inferring Brain Activity from Behavior http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n11/box/nrn1535_BX1.html Double Dissociations – The phenomenon in which a direct manipulation affects “Behavior X” without affecting “Behavior Z”, and a different manipulation affects “Behavior Z” without affecting “Behavior X”. Double dissociations constitute evidence that the neural events governing “Behavior X” are distinct (“dissociated”) from those governing “Behavior Z”.

Inferring Brain Activity from Behavior http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n11/box/nrn1535_BX1.html Psychophysics – The science of establishing quantitative relations between physical stimulation and psychological events. Psychophysical experiments can reveal that participants make an informative pattern of errors. The error pattern can reveal clues about the underlying neural activity. Example: “Tooth-pic Lab” and Cortical Representation.

Single (or Multi) Unit Recording http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n11/box/nrn1535_BX1.html

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Researcher-test.jpg Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Oxygenated and De-oxygenated blood have different magnetic properties. fMRI measures the so-called “B.O.L.D.” (blood oxygen level dependent) signal.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DTI-sagittal-fibers.jpg DTI measures the rate at which water molecules diffuse across membranes. DTI informs us about “white matter” quality.

PET: Positron Emission Tomography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PET-MIPS-anim.gif PET: Positron Emission Tomography Patients / Participants ingest a radioactive tracer that makes targeted biochemical pathways visible.

ElectroEncephaloGraph (EEG) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/EEG_recording.jpg EEG Research Question: Given the stimulus or task, what’s the brain activity? http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EEG.jpg

Neural Decoding Neural Decoding Research Question: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/EEG_recording.jpg Neural Decoding Research Question: Given the brain activity, what was the stimulus or task? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_decoding http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EEG.jpg

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation.jpg Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Optogenetics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microbial-Light-Activatable-Proton-Pumps-as-Neuronal-Inhibitors-to-Functionally-Dissect-Neuronal-pone.0040937.s007.ogv

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSCs) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell#/media/File:Induction_of_iPS_cells.svg Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSCs) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell

Clinical Observations Examples “split brain” patients. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain Students with learning disabilities Brain Injury / Brain Disease Patients Accidents (automobile, bicycle, skiing) Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Stroke patients, Traumatic Brain Injury, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Clinical Observations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phineas_Gage_Cased_Daguerreotype_WilgusPhoto2008-12-19_Unretouched_Color.jpg Clinical Observations Phineas Gage.

Clinical Observation: Homunculus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sensory_Homunculus.png Clinical Observation: Homunculus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield

Clinical Observations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrocasAreaSmall.png Clinical Observations Broca’s Arear – Speech Production Wernicke’s area – Speech Comprehension

Clinical Observation Knowledge about the cortex comes from studying brain damage. Localized brain damage can produce: Aphasias (disordered language) Apraxias (disordered action) Agnosias (disordered perception) Disorders of planning or social cognition

Plasticity The nervous system is modifiable: Modifications in how much neurotransmitter a presynaptic neuron releases Modifications in new connections by growing new dendritic spines Modifications in neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters

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