HST -1 Respiratory System

Functions of the Respiratory System Brings oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out of body Exchange gases between blood and lungs Regulate body temp by cooling or warming blood Produces audio sounds

Structures of the Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity Filters out foreign particles Warms and moistens air Sense of smell

Functions of the Respiratory System Tears drain into nose to provide additional moisture

Sinuses Air filled cavity lined with mucous membrane Regulates temperature of air before reaches lungs Help give resonance to voice

Pharynx Back of throat Subdivisions: Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx Contain opening of Eustachian tube Branches into trachea and esophagus

Larynx AKA: Voice box Below pharynx-two folds of cartilage Epiglottis Covers larynx during swallowing Prevent food and liquid from entering lungs

Trachea AKA: Windpipe Extending from larynx to center of chest Lined with C-shaped cartilage to deep passageway open Dorsal surface smooth muscle

Bronchi Two major branches of trachea into lungs Lined with cilia and mucus to catch foreign material Branches into smaller bronchioles

Alveoli Air sacs at terminal ends of bronchioles Surrounded by capillaries where exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide occurs by diffusion

Lungs Divided into sections called lobes Right lung Three lobes Left lung Two lobes Surrounded by double membrane (pleura) which separates and lubricates lung tissue Separated by mediastinum

Diaphragm Large, flat muscle separating thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity Contraction causes inhalation, relaxation causes exhalation

Process of Respiration

Types of Respiration External respiration (ventilation): brings O2 into lungs Internal respirations: exchange O2 & CO2 between blood & body cells Cellular respiration: changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells.

Process of Respiration Occurs in two phases Inspiration and expiration

Process of Respiration Inspiration or inhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and enlarge thoracic cavity Creates a vacuum causing air to rush in

Process of Respiration Expiration or exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Air forced out of lungs and air passages

Process of Respiration Process controlled in brain Increase in CO2 causes increased rate of respirations Usually involuntary, but can be controlled

Pop Quiz Define bronchitis A COPD where alveoli lose elasticity usually due to smoking. An acute respiratory disorder usually caused by a viral infection of the nose, pharynx, and/or larynx This form of Respiratory Distress Syndrome occurs in infants less than one year old and is usually cannot be explained. Pathogenic lung infection with sputum production. Genetic disorder results in overproduction of mucus Difficult or painful breathing. The leading cause of death in preemies. Bronchi narrow and spasm causing wheezing.

Assessment Techniques Lung Function Assessment Techniques

Assessment Techniques Rate: # of breaths per minute Normals: Adults: 14-18 Children: >20 Types of respirations: Eupnea: normal respiration Dyspnea: painful or difficult Bradypnea: <10 Tachypnea: >24 Apnea: no respiration; rapid series then pause

Assessment Techniques Character: Should have regular rhythm at regular intervals Described as: Regular/ Irregular Dry/Wet Deep/Shallow

Assessment Techniques Character (cont) Normal breath sounds: Dry Clear Abnormal breath sounds: Wheezing Rales (mucus in trachea)

Lung Function Testing Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Amount of air taken in during normal breathing Normal: 400-500 ml Inspiratory reserve volume Amount of air that may be taken in by lungs when taking deep breath Normal: 2-3L

Lung Function Testing Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after exhaling normally Normal about 1.8-2.2L

Lung Function Testing Residual volume Vital Capacity Amount air remaining after as much air as possible can be expelled to keep lungs inflated Normal: 900-1200 ml Vital Capacity Total capacity of lungs except for residual volume Normals:3-5L

Lung Function Chart Test Normals Your Results Vital Capacity (from notes) Your Results Norm? High? Low? Why? Vital Capacity Expiratory Reserve Tidal Volume Inspiratory Capacity

Disorders of Respiratory System

COPD-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A group of chronic respiratory disorders Asthma Chronic bronchitis Emphysyma Cystic fibrosis Symptoms: Shortness of breath Dyspnea Tissue hyperplasia

Asthma Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Allergic Rx or cells in airway trigger attack Cold temps Exercise Strong emotion Symptoms: Bronchi narrow and spasm Wheezing Difficulty exhaling Treatment: Relaxation Medication

Chronic Bronchitis Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Infection of bronchi Inflammation of bronchi Heavy cough Sputum production Treatment: Expectorants Postural drainage

Emphysema Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Mostly from smoking Alveoli lose elasticity >50 YO Dyspnea Treatment: Pursed lip breathing Constant O2

Cystic Fibrosis Causes: Symptoms: Treament: Genetic disorder Dx by 6 months Symptoms: Mucus becomes thicker Excess salt appears on skin Treament: No cure Intensive pulmonary care

Upper Respiratory Infection Cause: virus or bacteria in nose, pharynx, and/or larynx Symptoms: Pharyngitis Laryngitis Difficulty swallowing Swollen tonsils & lymph nodes Treatment: Palliative care

Pneumonia Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Infection of the lungs by pathogens Chemical irritants Symptoms: Inflammation of the lungs Buildup of excessive moisture/mucus Dyspnea Treatment: Antibiotics Meds to decrease moisture

Respiratory Distress Syndrome When alveoli do not inflate properly Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Results from inhaling foreign substances causing swelling of tissues Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS): Leading cause of death of preemies Use of surfactants to develop lungs Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Unexplained, sudden death of infant < 1 year Runs in families Use of heart and respiratory monitors

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